Digital technologies have reinforced an established theme in public diplomacy discourses over the last decade or so: namely, the 'talking' versus 'listening' debate frequently presented as 'public diplomacy 1.0' versus 'public diplomacy 2.0'. The distinction is between models of top-down 'broadcast' public diplomacy models and dialogue-based models in which there is exchange of information and two-way communication between publics and government representatives. As can be seen in Box 4.1, Zaharna identifies these developments in terms of three phases, the third – albeit not supplanting the previous two – being based on the 'relational paradigm' involving relationship building and networking.
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