《中国的能源政策（2012）》白皮书
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012

: 0 Comment(s)打印 E-mail China.org.cn　 2012-10-25

调整字号大小:

四、大力发展新能源和可再生能源	IV. Vigorously Developing New and Renewable Energy
大力发展新能源和可再生能源，是推进能源多元清洁发展、培育战略性新兴产业的重要战略举措，也是保护生态环境、应对气候变化、实现可持续发展的迫切需要。中国坚定不移地大力发展新能源和可再生能源，到“十二五”末，非化石能源消费占一次能源消费比重将达到11.4%，非化石能源发电装机比重达到30%。	Vigorously developing new and renewable energy is a key strategic measure for promoting the multiple and clean development of energy, and fostering emerging industries of strategic importance. It is also an urgent need in the protection of the environment, response to climate change and achievement of sustainable development. Through unswerving efforts in developing new and renewable energy sources, China endeavors to increase the shares of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption and installed generating capacity to 11.4 percent and 30 percent, respectively, by the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan.
——积极发展水电。中国水能资源蕴藏丰富，技术可开发量5.42亿千瓦，居世界第一。按发电量计算，中国目前的水电开发程度不到30%，仍有较大的开发潜力。实现2020年非化石能源消费比重达到15%的目标，一半以上需要依靠水电来完成。在做好生态环境保护、移民安置的前提下，中国将积极发展水电，把水电开发与促进当地就业和经济发展结合起来，切实做到“开发一方资源，发展一方经济，改善一方环境，造福一方百姓”。完善水电移民安置政策，健全利益共享机制。加强生态环境保护和环境影响评价，严格落实已建水电站的生态保护措施，提高水资源综合利用水平和生态环境效益。做好水电开发流域规划，加快重点流域大型水电站建设，因地制宜开发中小河流水能资源，科学规划建设抽水蓄能电站。到2015年，中国水电装机容量将达到2.9亿千瓦。	-- Actively developing hydropower. China boasts abundant hydropower resources. Its technically exploitable hydropower resources are equal to 542 million kw, putting the country first in the world. Calculated according to power generation, less than 30 percent of China's hydropower resources are currently utilized, leaving plenty of room for development in this regard. In order to attain the goal of increasing non-fossil energy consumption to 15 percent of the total energy consumption by 2020, more than half will come from hydropower development. On the condition that the ecological environment is protected and resettlements of local people affected are properly handled, China will energetically develop hydropower. By integrating hydropower development with promotion of local employment and economic development, the Chinese government aims to "develop local resources, stimulate local economic development, improve the local environment and benefit local people." The country strives to improve its resettlement policies regarding local people affected by hydropower projects, and perfect the benefit-sharing mechanism. China will strengthen ecological-protection and environmental-impact assessment, strictly implement measures to protect the environment of existing hydropower stations, and improve the comprehensive utilization level and eco-environmental benefits of water resources. In accordance with rational river basin planning for hydropower development, China will speed up the construction of large hydropower stations on key rivers, develop medium- and small-sized hydropower stations based on local conditions, and construct pumped-storage power stations in appropriate circumstances. The country's installed hydropower generating capacity is expected to reach 290 million kw by 2015.
——安全高效发展核电。核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。发展核电对优化能源结构、保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。目前中国核电发电量仅占总发电量的1.8%，远远低于14%的世界平均水平。核安全是核电发展的生命线。日本福岛核事故发生后，中国对境内核电厂开展了全面、严格的综合安全检查。检查结果表明，中国核电安全是有保障的，在运核电机组20年来从未发生过2级及以上核安全事件(事故)，主要运行参数好于世界平均值，部分指标进入国际先进行列或达到国际领先水平。继续坚持科学理性的核安全理念，把“安全第一”的原则严格落实到核电规划、选址、研发、设计、建造、运营、退役等全过程。制定和完善核电法规体系。健全和优化核电安全管理机制，从严设置准入门槛，落实安全主体责任。完善核电监管体系，加强在建及运行核电厂的安全监督检查和辐射环境监督管理。建立健全国家核事故应急机制，提高应急能力。加大核电科技创新投入，推广应用先进核电技术，提高核电装备水平，重视核电人才培养。到2015年，中国运行核电装机容量将达到4000万千瓦。	-- Developing nuclear power in a safe and highly efficient way. As nuclear power is a high-quality, clean and efficient modern energy source, its development is of great significance for optimizing the nation's energy structure and ensuring national energy security. At present, nuclear power only accounts for 1.8 percent of China's total power output, far below the world average, which is 14 percent. Nuclear safety is essential for nuclear power development. Since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, China has launched comprehensive safety inspections at all nuclear power plants. The inspection results show that nuclear security is guaranteed in China. Over the past 20 years, Chinese nuclear power units in operation have never had accidents at and above Level 2, with major operating parameters being better than the world's average and some indices even reaching the leading or advanced world level. Upholding a scientific and rational concept of nuclear security, China implements the principle of "safety first" in the whole process of nuclear power station planning, site selection, R&D, design, construction, operation and decommissioning. It has established and improved a legal system on nuclear power, improved and optimized the safety management mechanism of nuclear power, set a high entry threshold in this regard, and clarified safety responsibility. It has improved the supervision system of nuclear power by strengthening safety supervision and inspection, and radiation environment supervision and management at nuclear power plants in operation and under construction. An emergency mechanism for nuclear accidents has been established and improved to enhance the country's emergency response capability. China will invest more in nuclear power technological innovations, promote application of advanced technology, improve the equipment level, and attach great importance to personnel training. China's installed capacity of nuclear power is expected to reach 40 million kw by 2015.
——有效发展风电。风电是现阶段最具规模化开发和市场化利用条件的非水可再生能源。中国是世界上风电发展最快的国家，“十二五”时期，坚持集中开发与分散发展并举，优化风电开发布局。有序推进西北、华北、东北风能资源丰富地区风电建设，加快分散风能资源的开发利用。稳步发展海上风电。完善风电设备标准和产业监测体系。鼓励风电设备企业加强关键技术研发，加快风电产业技术升级。通过加强电网建设、改进电网调度水平、提高风电设备性能、加强风电预测预报等途径，提高电力系统消纳风电的能力。到2015年，中国风电装机将突破1亿千瓦，其中海上风电装机达到500万千瓦。	-- Effectively developing wind power. As a non-water renewable energy, wind power is currently the most appropriate energy source for large-scale development and market-driven utilization. China's wind power industry is the fastest-growing in the world. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will stress both intensive and distributed exploitation, and optimize the development layout of wind power. It will push forward wind power construction in an orderly way in the northwestern, northern and northeastern regions, which boast abundant wind energy, and speed up the development and utilization of distributed resources. It will steadily develop offshore wind farms, and improve the standards for wind-power equipment and the supervision system of this industry. China will encourage wind-power equipment manufacturers to expedite R&D of key technologies, so as to accelerate the technological upgrading of this industry. By means of speeding up grid construction, increasing the grid's dispatch level, improving the performance of wind-power equipment, and strengthening wind-power prediction and forecast, China aims to improve its power grids' wind-power integration ability. The installed generating capacity of wind power is expected to reach 100 million kw by the end of 2015, with 500 kw of generating capacity coming from offshore wind farms.
——积极利用太阳能。中国太阳能资源丰富，开发潜力巨大，具有广阔的应用前景。“十二五”时期，中国坚持集中开发与分布式利用相结合，推进太阳能多元化利用。在青海、新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等太阳能资源丰富、具有荒漠和闲散土地资源的地区，以增加当地电力供应为目的，建设大型并网光伏电站和太阳能热发电项目。鼓励在中东部地区建设与建筑结合的分布式光伏发电系统。加大太阳能热水器普及力度，鼓励太阳能集中供热水、太阳能采暖和制冷、太阳能中高温工业应用。在农村、边疆和小城镇推广使用太阳能热水器、太阳灶和太阳房。到2015年，中国将建成太阳能发电装机容量2100万千瓦以上，太阳能集热面积达到4亿平方米。	-- Actively making use of solar energy. China is rich in solar energy, which boasts immense room for development and has a promising future. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will promote diverse patterns of solar-power development by integrating intensive exploitation with distributed utilization. It will construct large on-grid photovoltaic power stations and solar power generation projects in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, and the Xinjiang Uygur and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions, which boast abundant solar energy and scattered plots of unutilized land, for the purpose of increasing local supplies of electricity. It will encourage the central and eastern regions to construct distributed photovoltaic power generation systems linked to local buildings. Intensified efforts will be made to popularize solar water heaters, and promote the development of solar central hot-water supply, solar heating and cooling, and medium- and high-temperature industrial applications of solar energy. It will spread solar water heaters, solar cookers and solar houses in the countryside, border areas, and small cities and towns. China's installed generating capacity of solar energy is expected to exceed 21 million kw by 2015, with a total solar heat collection area of 400 million sq m.
——开发利用生物质能等其他可再生能源。中国坚持“统筹兼顾、因地制宜、综合利用、有序发展”的原则，发展生物质能等其他可再生能源。在粮棉主产区，有序发展以农作物秸秆、粮食加工剩余物和蔗渣等为燃料的生物质发电。在林木资源丰富地区，适度发展林木生物质发电。发展城市垃圾焚烧和填埋气发电。在具备条件的地区推进沼气等生物质供气工程。因地制宜建设生物质成型燃料生产基地。发展生物柴油，开展纤维素乙醇产业示范。在保护地下水资源的前提下，推广地热能高效利用技术。加强对潮汐能、波浪能、干热岩发电等开发利用技术的跟踪和研发。	-- Developing and utilizing biomass energy and other types of renewable energy. China will develop biomass energy and other renewable energy resources under the principle of "orderly development based on local conditions and comprehensive utilization with all factors taken into consideration." It will promote power generation using crop stalks, grain-processing residues and bagasse as fuels in major producing areas of grain and cotton; and carefully develop woody biomass power generation in forest-covered areas. Attention will be given to the promotion of electricity generation by means of waste incineration and landfill gas in urban areas. The country will also speed up the construction of biomass gas, including methane, supply systems in eligible regions, and build production bases of biomass molding fuel in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will also be made to develop biodiesel and industrial cellulosic ethanol. China will spread the technology of efficiently using geothermal energy on the condition that underground water is protected. It will reinforce the tracking and R&D of electricity generation technologies by using tidal energy, wave energy and hot dry rocks.
——促进清洁能源分布式利用。中国坚持“自用为主、富余上网、因地制宜、有序推进”的原则，积极发展分布式能源。在能源负荷中心，加快建设天然气分布式能源系统。以城市、工业园区等能源消费中心为重点，大力推进分布式可再生能源技术应用。因地制宜在农村、林区、海岛推进分布式可再生能源建设。制定分布式能源标准，完善分布式能源上网电价形成机制和政策，努力实现分布式发电直供及无歧视、无障碍接入电网。“十二五”期间建设1000个左右天然气分布式能源项目，以及10个左右各类典型特征的分布式能源示范区域。	-- Promoting distributed utilization of clean energy. China will energetically develop distributed energy resources on the principle of "giving priority to local supply, feeding the surplus into the grid, development based on local conditions, and advancing in an orderly way." It will accelerate the construction of distributed energy systems (DES) for natural gas at energy load centers. It will energetically spread the technology of distributed renewable energy, especially in high energy-consumption centers, including cities and industrial parks. It will carry out distributed renewable energy construction in rural areas, forest regions and islands in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will be made to set standards for distributed energy, and improve the formation mechanism and polices for on-grid price. Hard work will be done to realize direct supply, and non-discriminatory and barrier-free connection to the grid of power generated in the distributed manner. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will construct about 1,000 projects of natural gas DES, and ten distributed energy demonstration areas with various typical characteristics.