《“一国两制”在香港特别行政区的实践》白皮书
White Paper: The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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一、香港顺利回归祖国的历程	I. Hong Kong's Smooth Return to China
20世纪80年代初，为实现国家和平统一，国家领导人邓小平创造性地提出了“一国两制”的科学构想，并首先用于解决香港问题。按照邓小平的论述，“一国两制”是指在一个中国的前提下，国家的主体坚持社会主义制度，香港、澳门、台湾保持原有的资本主义制度长期不变。	In the early 1980s, China's state leader Deng Xiaoping put forward the scientific concept known as "one country, two systems" in an effort to realize the peaceful reunification of China, and this ingenious design was first applied to solve the question of Hong Kong. According to Deng Xiaoping, "one country, two systems" means there is only but one China and under this premise the mainland adheres to the socialist system while Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan may retain their capitalist systems over a long time to come.
1982年12月4日，第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过并公布施行的《中华人民共和国宪法》第三十一条规定：国家在必要时得设立特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。这体现了“一国两制”构想，为中国政府在实现国家和平统一时，在某些区域设立实行不同于内地的制度和政策的特别行政区提供了直接的宪法依据。在经过深入的调查研究后，1983年初，中国政府就解决香港问题形成了十二条基本方针政策。“十二条”包括：1.中国政府决定于1997年7月1日对香港地区恢复行使主权。2.恢复行使主权后，根据宪法第三十一条规定，在香港设立特别行政区，直辖于中央人民政府，享有高度自治权。3.特别行政区享有立法权，有独立的司法权和终审权。现行的法律、法令、条例基本不变。4.特别行政区政府由当地人组成。主要官员在当地通过选举或协商产生，由中央人民政府委任。原香港政府各部门的公务、警务人员可予留任。特别行政区各机构也可聘请英国及其他外籍人士担任顾问。5.现行的社会、经济制度不变，生活方式不变。保障言论、出版、集会、结社、旅行、迁徙、通信自由和宗教信仰自由。私人财产、企业所有权、合法继承权以及外来投资均受法律保护。6.香港特别行政区仍为自由港和独立关税地区。7.保持金融中心地位，继续开放外汇、黄金、证券、期货等市场，资金进出自由，港币照常流通，自由兑换。8.特别行政区财政保持独立。9.特别行政区可同英国建立互惠经济关系。英国在香港的经济利益将得到照顾。10.特别行政区可以“中国香港”的名义，单独地同世界各国、各地区以及有关国际组织保持和发展经济、文化关系，签订协议。特别行政区政府可自行签发出入香港的旅行证件。11.特别行政区的社会治安由特别行政区政府负责。12.上述方针政策，由全国人民代表大会以香港特别行政区基本法规定之，50年不变。	On December 4, 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC) endorsed a new Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Its Article 31 provides, "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions." Giving expression to the "one country, two systems" concept, this Article provides the constitutional basis for the establishment of special administrative regions in certain areas that adopt different social systems and different policies from those on the mainland, as the Chinese government makes efforts to realize the peaceful reunification of China. After in-depth investigations and research, the Chinese government formulated 12 basic policies regarding the question of Hong Kong, known as the "12 Principles," in early 1983. The main contents were: (1) The Chinese government decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong as of July 1, 1997. (2) After resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the central government would establish a special administrative region in Hong Kong in accordance with the provisions in Article 31 of the Constitution. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region would be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government and would enjoy a high degree of autonomy. (3) The HKSAR would be vested with legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The laws, decrees and regulations currently in force in Hong Kong would remain basically unchanged. (4) The government of the HKSAR would be composed of local inhabitants. The principal officials would be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. Those previously working in the public and police services in the government departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British and other foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers to government departments of the HKSAR. (5) The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong would remain unchanged, and so would the life-style. Freedoms, including those of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel, of movement, of correspondence, and of religious belief would be ensured in the HKSAR. Private property, ownership of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and foreign investment would be protected by law. (6) The HKSAR would retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory. (7) The HKSAR would retain the status of a financial center, and its markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures would continue. There would continue to be a free flow of capital, and the Hong Kong dollar would continue to circulate and remain freely convertible. (8) The HKSAR would have independent finances. (9) The HKSAR may establish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom, whose economic interests in Hong Kong would be given due regard. (10) Using the name "Hong Kong, China," the HKSAR may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, regions and relevant international organizations. The government of the HKSAR may itself issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Hong Kong. (11) The maintenance of public order in the HKSAR would be the responsibility of the government of the HKSAR. And (12) the above-stated policies would be stipulated in the Basic Law of the HKSAR by the NPC of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and they would remain unchanged for 50 years.
1982年9月24日，邓小平会见来访的英国首相撒切尔夫人，阐明了中国政府对香港问题的基本立场，指出主权问题不是一个可以讨论的问题，1997年中国将收回香港。在这个前提下，中英两国磋商解决香港如何过渡得好以及15年后香港怎么办的问题。这标志着中英关于香港问题的谈判拉开序幕。1984年12月19日，中英两国政府经过22轮谈判后，在北京正式签署《中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明》，确认中华人民共和国政府于1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权。中国政府还在联合声明中阐明以“十二条”为核心内容的对香港的基本方针政策。中英联合声明的签署，标志着香港进入回归祖国前的过渡期。在13年的过渡期内，中国政府坚定不移地遵循“一国两制”方针政策，紧紧依靠香港同胞，坚决排除各种干扰，有条不紊地推进对香港恢复行使主权的各项准备工作。	During his meeting with the visiting British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on September 24, 1982, Deng Xiaoping made clear the Chinese government's position on the question of Hong Kong, pointing out that sovereignty was not a matter for discussion and that China would take back Hong Kong in 1997. It was under this premise that China and Britain would negotiate to ensure the smooth transfer of Hong Kong and clarify what was to be done about Hong Kong 15 years later. This marked the beginning of the negotiations between China and Britain on the question of Hong Kong. On December 19, 1984, after 22 rounds of negotiations, the governments of China and Britain signed the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong in Beijing, confirming that the government of the PRC would resume its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from July 1, 1997. The Chinese government also made clear in the Joint Declaration its basic policies regarding Hong Kong based on the "12 Principles." The signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration marked the entry of Hong Kong into a 13-year transition period before its return to China. During this period, the Chinese government unswervingly followed the "one country, two systems" policy, closely relied on the Hong Kong compatriots, and resolutely held off interference to promote the preparation work for Hong Kong's return.
1985年4月10日，第六届全国人大第三次会议决定成立中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法起草委员会，负责起草香港基本法。同年7月起草委员会开始工作，1990年2月完成起草任务，历时四年零八个月。香港基本法的起草过程高度民主、开放，广大香港同胞积极参与起草工作。在起草委员会59名委员中，来自香港各方面的人士有23名。起草委员会还委托香港委员在香港成立由180位各界人士组成的基本法咨询委员会，广泛收集香港社会各界的意见和建议。1988年4月，起草委员会公布香港基本法（草案）征求意见稿；1989年2月，全国人大常委会公布香港基本法（草案），先后两次在香港和内地广泛征求意见。香港和内地社会各界人士踊跃参与讨论，其中，仅香港人士就提出近8万份意见和建议。香港基本法体现了包括香港同胞在内的全体中国人民的共同意志，凝聚了广大中华儿女的集体智慧。	On April 10, 1985, the Third Session of the Sixth NPC decided to form the Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR of the PRC. In July, the Drafting Committee began its work. It completed its mission in February 1990, taking four years and eight months to develop the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The drafting of the Basic Law of Hong Kong was highly democratic and open, and the compatriots of Hong Kong were widely involved. Twenty-three of the 59 members of the Drafting Committee came from various walks of life in Hong Kong, and the Drafting Committee entrusted its Hong Kong members to set up a 180-member counseling committee in Hong Kong to collect the views and opinions of the people of Hong Kong. In April 1988, the Drafting Committee published the Basic Law of Hong Kong (draft) for comments, and in February 1989 the Standing Committee of the NPC made public the Basic Law of the HKSAR (draft) and twice widely solicited views in Hong Kong and on the mainland. People from all walks of life in Hong Kong and the mainland took active part in the deliberation and discussion of the draft, and in Hong Kong alone nearly 80,000 files of views and comments were collected. The Basic Law of Hong Kong embodies the common will of all Chinese people, including Hong Kong compatriots, and encapsulates the wisdom of the Chinese nation.
1990年4月4日，第七届全国人大第三次会议通过《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》，同时作出设立香港特别行政区的决定。香港基本法是根据宪法制定的基本法律，规定了在香港特别行政区实行的制度和政策，是“一国两制”方针政策的法律化、制度化，为“一国两制”在香港特别行政区的实践提供了法律保障。邓小平高度评价香港基本法，称它是“具有历史意义和国际意义的法律”，是“具有创造性的杰作”。	On April 4, 1990, the Third Session of the Seventh NPC passed the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, and made the decision to establish the HKSAR. The Basic Law of the HKSAR is a basic law formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. It stipulates the system and policies to be instituted in the HKSAR, and is the legalization and institutionalization of the "one country, two systems" policy. It also provides a legal basis for the implementation of "one country, two systems" in the HKSAR. The Basic Law was lauded by Deng Xiaoping as a "law of historic and international significance" and "a creative masterpiece."
香港基本法颁布后，中国政府着手筹备成立香港特别行政区的工作。1993年7月，全国人大常委会设立香港特别行政区筹备委员会预备工作委员会（预委会）；1996年1月，全国人民代表大会香港特别行政区筹备委员会（筹委会）成立。预委会和筹委会为实现香港平稳过渡和政权顺利交接做了大量工作。	Following the promulgation of the Basic Law, the Chinese government began preparation work for the establishment of the HKSAR. In July 1993, the NPC Standing Committee authorized the formation of the Preliminary Working Commission of the Preparatory Committee of the HKSAR (the Preliminary Working Commission). In January 1996, the Preparatory Committee of the HKSAR of the NPC (the Preparatory Committee) was established. Both the commission and the committee did a great deal of work for the smooth transition and transfer of government in Hong Kong.
1997年7月1日，中国政府对香港恢复行使主权，香港特别行政区成立，基本法开始实施。香港进入了“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的历史新纪元。作为祖国大家庭的一分子，香港同胞与内地民众共享伟大祖国的尊严与荣耀，共担中华民族伟大复兴的责任和使命。	On July 1, 1997, the Chinese government resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. At the same time, the HKSAR was established and the Basic Law came into effect. Hong Kong entered a new epoch characterized by "one country, two systems," "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy. As members of the big Chinese family, the people of Hong Kong and the people of the mainland share the pride and glory of the great mother country, and bear the common responsibility and mission of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
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