《新疆生产建设兵团的历史与发展》白皮书
White Paper: The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
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| 三、开发与建设 | III. Development and Construction |
| 兵团的经济建设是新疆维吾尔自治区经济建设的重要组成部分。长期以来，特别是改革开放后，兵团充分发挥自身优势，积极适应市场经济要求，调整经济结构和转变发展方式，大力推进城镇化、新型工业化和农业现代化建设，着力保护生态环境，改善民生，促进就业，提高公共服务和社会保障水平，各项事业取得显著成就。 | The economic development of the XPCC is an important part of the comprehensive economic development of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. For a long time, and particularly since the launch of the reform and opening-up policy, the XPCC has vigorously advanced urbanization, new industrialization, and agricultural modernization by exploiting its native advantages to embrace market demands, adjusting the economic structure and transforming the mode of development. It has made great efforts to protect the ecological environment, improve people's livelihood, boost employment, and raise the level of public services and social security, thus making remarkable achievements in all undertakings. |
| 不断提升综合经济实力。2013年兵团生产总值达1499.87亿元人民币，比兵团成立时的1954年增长了220倍，年均增长9.6%；比1981年兵团恢复时增长了22.9倍，年均增长10.4%。农业基础地位进一步加强，新型工业化进程加快，工业成为主导产业，第三产业在经济发展中的作用日益突出。2013年，三次产业结构比为29.0:41.8: 29.2。 | Constantly increase comprehensive economic strength. The total output value of the XPCC in 2013 was RMB 149.987 billion, 220 times that in 1954 when it was established, with an annual growth of 9.6%; and 22.9 times that in 1981 when the XPCC was reinstated, with an annual growth of 10.4%. The position of agriculture as foundation of the economy has strengthened, new industrialization accelerated with industry predominant, and tertiary industry has become growingly prominent in economic development. In 2013 the proportion of the three industries was 29.0:41.8:29.2. |
| 大力推进城镇化建设。在中央和自治区的统一领导和规划下，兵团以人口分布、土地利用空间为重点，统筹产业布局和城镇布局，按照“师市合一、团镇合一”的原则和师建城市、团场建镇的思路，大力推进城镇化进程。截至目前，兵团已建成阿拉尔市、铁门关市、图木舒克市、双河市、五家渠市、石河子市、北屯市等7个县级市和金银川镇、草湖镇、梧桐镇、蔡家湖镇、北泉镇等5个建制镇，初步形成以城市、垦区中心城镇、一般团场城镇、中心连队居住区为发展架构，与新疆城镇职能互补，具有兵团特色的城镇体系，城镇化率已达62.3%。城镇基础设施明显改善，公共服务设施不断完备，城镇规划、建设、管理、服务水平显著提高。兵团城镇已经逐步发展为区域的经济和文化中心，成为人口、资金、产业、人才、文化、教育、医疗卫生等资源的集聚之地，推进了新疆城镇化进程。石河子市2000年被联合国评为人类居住环境改善良好范例城市，2002年被正式命名为国家园林城市。 | Vigorously promote urbanization. Under the unified leadership and planning of the central government and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the XPCC, with population distribution and land utilization as the focus, coordinates industry and city/town layouts to promote urbanization under the principle of divisions supporting the construction of cities and regiments supporting the construction of towns. Up to now, the XPCC has built the seven county-level cities of Alar, Tiemenguan, Tumushuke, Shuanghe, Wujiaqu, Shihezi and Beitun, and the five administrative towns of Jinyinchuan, Caohu, Wutong, Caijiahu and Beiquan, so forming an urban layout with cities at the center, surrounded by towns in reclamation areas, towns built on farmland by regiments, and company residence zones. As an urban complex with Corps characteristics, they complement the function of local cities and towns. The XPCC's urbanization rate has reached 62.3%. Its urban infrastructure has markedly improved, public service facilities have been steadily completed, and urban planning, construction, management, and service levels significantly enhanced. This urban complex has gradually become a regional economic and cultural center, and a population, capital, industry, human resource, culture, education and medical and health resource hub, so boosting Xinjiang's urbanization process. The UN rated Shihezi in the year 2000 as the Model City for Betterment of Residential Environment and in 2002 the state designated it as a National Garden City. |
| 大力推进新型工业化建设。兵团的工业从农副产品加工业起步，逐步形成以轻工、纺织为主，钢铁、煤炭、建材、电力、化工、机械等多门类的工业体系，为新疆现代工业发展奠定了基础。21世纪初国家实施西部大开发战略以来，兵团立足新疆资源和地缘优势，形成了食品医药、纺织服装、氯碱化工和煤化工、特色矿产资源加工、石油天然气化工、新型建材和装备制造等支柱产业。由兵团生产的节水灌溉器材、番茄制品、棉纺锭等产量和规模名列全国前茅。2013年，兵团实现工业增加值426.61亿元人民币，比上年增长27.8%，占兵团生产总值的28.5%，工业对兵团生产总值的贡献率达45.3%。 | Vigorously promote new industrialization. Having started from the processing of farm and sideline products, the XPCC has gradually formed an industrial system that features the dominant role of textiles and light industry but also encompasses iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemical engineering, and machinery production, so laying a solid foundation for Xinjiang's modern industrialization. Since the adoption of the Western Development Strategy at the beginning of the 21st century, the XPCC has developed pillar industries, such as food and pharmaceuticals, textiles and garments, chemical industry in chlorine, alkali and coal, special mineral resource processing, petrochemicals, new building materials, and equipment manufacturing. It leads the country in both output and production scale of water-saving irrigation equipment, tomato products, and cotton textile spindles. In 2013 the XPCC's industrial added value was RMB 42.661 billion, an increase of 27.8% over the previous year, accounting for 28.5% of the Corps' total output value. The contribution ratio of industry to its total output value stood at 45.3%. |
| 大力推进农业现代化建设。农业是兵团的基础产业和优势产业。兵团始终坚持走农业现代化之路，大规模引进、吸收、研发和推广先进生产技术，持续开展规模化、机械化、现代化国营农场建设，开创了新疆现代农业的先河。2007年以来，兵团大力推进全国节水灌溉示范基地、农业机械化推广基地、现代农业示范基地等“三大基地”建设，在节水灌溉、农业机械和植物育种与栽培、牲畜育种与饲养等先进技术的引进和研发上取得突破，并在全疆大规模推广应用。依靠科技创新和组织化规模化的优势，兵团的农业现代化建设取得显著成效。2013年，兵团高新节水灌溉占有效灌溉面积的74.4%，综合机械化水平达92%，农作物精量半精量播种面积857.20千公顷、测土配方施肥面积超过682.33千公顷。兵团已建成国家重要的优质商品棉和特色林果生产基地。棉花总产量达146.52万吨，分别占新疆及中国棉花总产量的41.6%和23.2%，棉花单产、机械化率、人均占有量连续多年位居全国首位。番茄、红枣、苹果、香梨、葡萄、核桃、薰衣草等特色农产品已形成优势，有91个农产品被评为中国和新疆名牌或驰名商标。 | Vigorously promote agricultural modernization. Agriculture is the XPCC's fundamental and competitive industry. While adhering to the road of agricultural modernization, the XPCC massively introduces, absorbs, studies, and promotes advanced production technologies, and continues to build large-scale, mechanized and modernized state-owned farms, a pioneering effort in Xinjiang's modern agriculture. Since 2007, the XPCC has proactively promoted the construction of water-saving irrigation demonstration bases, mechanized farming bases, and modern agriculture demonstration bases. It has made breakthroughs in the introduction of and research into water-saving irrigation, agricultural machinery, plant breeding and cultivation, livestock breeding, and feeding technologies, all of which it has popularized and applied in scale across Xinjiang. Thanks to its technological innovation, and strength in well-organized large-scale production, the Corps has made marked progress in agricultural modernization. In 2013 irrigation areas applying high-tech water-saving technologies took up 74.4% of the total, the comprehensive mechanization level reached 92%, the sown area with precise and half-precise drilling skills totaled 857,200 hectares, and soil tested for fertilization formulation exceeded 682,330 hectares. The XPCC has built key national production bases for quality commodity cotton and local fruit. The total output of cotton was 1.4652 million tons, taking up 41.6% of Xinjiang's and 23.2% of the national total. The per unit yield, mechanization rate, and per capita availability of cotton has been top in the country for years. Cultivation of farm produce such as tomatoes, dates, apples, pears, grapes, walnuts, and lavender has become its advantage, 91 of them recognized as brand products or well-known Xinjiang and China trademarks. |
| 着力加强生态文明建设。兵团多数团场建在沙漠边缘和边境沿线，是抵御风沙袭击、保护新疆绿洲的第一道屏障。多年来，兵团把区域生态环境建设摆在突出位置，通过大规模植树造林、兴修水利、防风固沙、排盐治碱、节水灌溉，对800千公顷的荒漠植被采取封沙育林育草等措施，逐步建起环绕塔克拉玛干和古尔班通古特两大沙漠的绿色生态带，形成乔木、灌木、草场结合的综合防护林体系，在茫茫戈壁荒漠上建成了绿洲生态经济网。通过大力推广喷、滴、微灌等节水技术，年农业节水量超过10亿立方米，增加了向下游河道的下泄水量，一些已经萎缩甚至干涸的湖泊重现生机，改善了沙漠边缘的生态环境，创造了“人进沙退”的奇迹。至2013年，兵团建成近3000千公顷的人工新绿洲，森林覆盖率达20%；绝大多数团场实现了农田林网化，80%以上农田得到林网的有效保护。 | Make efforts to enhance ecological conservation. Most of the XPCC's farms are built along the borders of deserts and frontiers as the first defense against sandstorms to protect Xinjiang's oases. For years, the XPCC has planted trees and built water conservancy projects to inhibit winds and fix sand, control soil salinization, and develop water-saving irrigation, so prioritizing local eco-environmental construction. Through planting trees and grass to fix sand on 800,000 hectares of desert, the XPCC has gradually built two green ecological zones surrounding the Taklimakan Desert and Gurbantunggut Desert, forming a comprehensive shelterbelt network of trees, shrubs and grassland. An economic network of ecological-friendly oases has been completed on the vast desolate desert. Promoting water-saving technologies such as sprinklers and drip and micro-irrigation systems has saved more than one billion cubic meters of annual irrigation water, thus increasing the volume of water that runs to downstream river way. Shrinking, sometimes dried out lakes begin to show signs of renewal, and the ecological environment bordering the desert has improved, creating a miracle whereby desertification has been prevented through human efforts. By 2013 the XPCC had built a total of nearly three million hectares of artificial oases, with a forest coverage rate of 20%. Most of the farmland has been surrounded by networks of trees, placing more than 80% of farmland under their effective protection. |
| 着力改善民生。兵团始终把保障和改善民生放在优先位置，着力解决好职工群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，促进社会公平正义，增进职工群众福祉，实现发展成果更多更公平惠及职工群众。经过多年努力，兵团的居民收入、住房、社会保障、就业等民生水平有了相当程度的提高。2013年，兵团城镇居民人均可支配收入2.31万元人民币、团场农牧工家庭人均纯收入1.43万元人民币、在岗职工平均工资4.40万元人民币，分别比上年增长17.8%、18.2%、17.4%；近几年，兵团累计投入347.8亿元人民币改善民生，开工建设城镇保障性住房14.3万户，实施城镇棚户区改造7.2万户，完成农村安居工程5.5万户。截至目前，已有70%以上的职工群众迁居新房。城镇居民养老保险实现全覆盖，参加基本医疗保险226.48万人，9.4万人享受最低生活保障，20多万人次得到医疗救助。2013年，兵团从业人数达125.34万人，在岗职工71.11万人，全年新增劳动力就业8.57万人，年末城镇登记失业率2.55%。 | Make efforts to improve people's livelihood. The XPCC has always prioritized ensuring and improving people's livelihood. It has made every effort to address practical problems of the greatest and most direct concern to the people to promote social equality and justice, and to bring welfare to workers, so enabling them to benefit from the development achievements in a fairer way. After years of effort, people's livelihood, including incomes, housing conditions, social security, and employment level, has significantly improved. In 2013 the per capita disposable income of the XPCC's urban residents was RMB 23,100, an increase of 17.8% over the previous year; the per capita net income of households engaged in farming and animal husbandry was RMB 14,300, an 18.2% increase over the previous year; and the average salary of employed workers was RMB 44,000, 17.4% higher than the previous year. The XPCC has invested a total of RMB 34.78 billion in recent years in improving people's livelihood, starting the construction of 143,000 units of indemnificatory housing, transforming urban shanty towns encompassing 72,000 households, and completing rural housing projects benefiting 55,000 households. By now, more than 70% of workers have moved into new housing. The XPCC has achieved full endowment insurance coverage for urban residents. Moreover, it has acted to give 2.2648 million people basic medical insurance cover and more than 200,000 people medical assistance, and designated 94,000 people as entitled to subsistence allowances. Its workforce last year stood at 1.2534 million employees, with 711,100 incumbent workers, and 85,700 new employees in the labor force. The urban unemployment rate at the end of 2013 was 2.55%. |
| 全面发展社会事业。兵团建立了从幼儿教育到大学教育的完整教育体系，实现了基本普及九年制义务教育和基本扫除青壮年文盲。截至2013年，兵团拥有普通和成人高等学校7所、中等职业学校24所、普通中学243所、小学55所，各民族在校生48.13万人。兵团的科技事业不断发展，拥有农垦科学院等科学研究与技术开发机构18个，各类专业技术人员约12万人。建有各类重点实验室14个，企业技术中心40个，工程技术研究中心24个。兵团公共文化服务体系建设步伐加快，建立了影剧院、文化馆、博物(纪念)馆、图书馆(室)、文化广场等一批文化活动场所，拥有专业文艺团体8个、业余文艺团队数百个，广播电视播出机构197座、网站66家，广播、电视综合覆盖率分别达到97%和98.8%，公开出版发行报刊杂志35种，每年出版各类文化图书100多种。兵团不断加大医疗卫生投入，建立了较为完善的公共卫生服务体系，医疗卫生条件不断改善，职工群众健康水平得到明显提高。拥有各类卫生机构1348个，各类卫生技术人员2.48万人，平均每千人拥有执业(助理)医师3.18人、注册护士3.89人、医院床位10张。2013年人口死亡率为4.94‰，婴儿死亡率为7.56‰，人均期望寿命76.79岁。 | Comprehensively develop social undertakings. The XPCC has established a complete education system from preschool through to university, implementing basic nine-year compulsory education and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. By 2013 this included seven institutions of higher learning, 24 secondary vocational schools, 243 middle schools, and 55 primary schools enrolling 481,300 students of all ethnic groups. The XPCC has made constant progress in science and technology undertakings. It now has 18 science and technology research institutions, such as the academy of land reclamation sciences, employing a total of 120,000 technical staff of various backgrounds. It has also built 14 key labs in different fields, 40 technical centers for enterprises, and 24 engineering research centers. The XPCC has speeded up construction of a public cultural service system, having built a group of cultural facilities that include theaters, cultural centers, museums, memorial halls, libraries, and cultural squares. There are eight professional theater troupes, hundreds of amateur theater troupes, 66 websites, and 197 radio and television broadcasting agencies with coverage rates of 97% and 98.8% respectively. There are also 35 newspapers and magazines, and more than 100 titles of culture-related books are published annually. The XPCC has moreover constantly increased input into public health, having built a relatively complete public health service system to help improve the comprehensive conditions of workers' healthcare. To date, there are 1,348 health agencies employing 24,800 medical workers, with an average 3.18 practicing (assistant) doctors, 3.89 registered nurses, and 10 hospital beds for every thousand people. In 2013 the mortality rate was 4.94 per thousand, the infant mortality rate 7.56 per thousand, and the average life expectancy was 76.79 years. |
| 不断提升对外开放水平。兵团发挥农业生产及农副产品加工领域的产业特长，大力发展口岸经济和物流产业，积极开拓中亚及欧洲等国际市场，进出口商品的品种和总量逐渐扩大。目前，兵团已拥有5个国家级经济技术开发区和24个自治区、兵团级园区，与160多个国家和地区建立了经贸关系，与20多个国家和地区开展经济技术合作。2013年，兵团进出口总额达115. 91亿美元，其中货物出口额103. 7亿美元，对外承包工程和劳务合作营业额5.42亿美元。 | Constantly improve the level of opening up. The XPCC is vigorously developing its port economy and logistics industry and actively expanding its international markets in central Asia and Europe by exploiting its strengths in agricultural industry and processing of farm and sideline products as the variety and volume of its imports and exports gradually increase. Currently, the XPCC has five state-level economic and technological development zones and 24 industrial zones at autonomous region and Corps level. It has established economic and trade relations with more than 160 countries and regions and is carrying out economic and technological cooperation with more than 20 countries and regions. In 2013 the XPCC's import and export volume totaled US$ 11.591 billion, with exports of US$ 10.37 billion and turnover in overseas contracted projects and labor service cooperation of US$ 542 million. |
| 兵团各项事业取得重大成就，是一代代兵团人实践“热爱祖国、无私奉献、艰苦创业、开拓进取”的兵团精神的结果。60年来，兵团人克服罕见的生存、生产困难，扎根边疆，报效国家，在天山南北、亘古荒原上创造出人类发展奇迹。兵团的发展，也是在中央政府、新疆维吾尔自治区和全国各省市长期支持帮助下实现的。多年来，中央财政对兵团的投入力度逐步加大。2010年中央政府明确提出，对自治区的支持政策，兵团同样适用；对困难地区和对口支援的政策，所在地兵团师团场同样适用。新疆维吾尔自治区向兵团划拨土地、草场和水利资源、矿山资源，拨售机器设备，出台适用于兵团的政策，直接支持兵团的开发与建设，促进兵团与地方经济的融合发展。全国其他各省市也以对口的形式向兵团提供了大量的资金、技术和人才支援，对兵团的经济社会发展起到了重要作用。 | The XPCC's achievements in various undertakings are attributable to its embodiment of the spirit of "loving the motherland, selfless devotion, hard work, and forging ahead with pioneering endeavors." Over the past six decades, people in the XPCC, in spite of exceptional subsistence and production difficulties, have settled in the borderlands to serve the country. They have created development miracles around the Tianshan Mountains and vast areas of wilderness. The XPCC's development has also received continuous support from the central government, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and other provinces and cities. For years, the central government has stepped up its financial support for the XPCC. In 2010 the central government stated explicitly that policy support for the autonomous region applies also to the Corps, and that policies for poverty-stricken areas and for partner assistance also apply to division and regimental farms in the same areas. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region allocates land, pasture, water and mineral resources, and machinery and equipment to the Corps. It formulates policies applicable to the Corps, gives direct support to its development and construction, and promotes integrated development of the Corps and the local economy. Other provinces and cities have also provided considerable support to the Corps in capital, technology, and human resources, all of which have been of tremendous help in boosting its economic and social development. |
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