2014年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 四、关于种族歧视 | IV. On Racial Discrimination |
| 种族歧视是美国人权的痼疾。少数族裔面临就业和薪酬歧视，处于更加贫困的境地，2014年，多起警察滥杀非洲裔事件引发大规模抗议浪潮，再次拷问美国的种族“平等”，增加了种族仇恨因素。 | Racial discrimination has been a chronic problem in the U.S. human rights record. Facing discrimination in employment and payment, the ethnic minorities are trapped in graver poverty. In 2014, multiple cases of arbitrary police killing of African-Americans have sparked huge waves of protests, casting doubts on the racial "equality" in the U.S. and giving rise to racial hatred factors. |
| 执法和司法中种族偏向性明显。相对于其他族裔人群，美国非洲裔更有可能成为警方枪击的受害者。警察执法杀害非洲裔几乎成为美国的“常态”。美国联邦统计数据分析显示，非洲裔青年男性被警察射杀的风险比白人同类要高出21倍。取自联邦统计数据的2010年至2012年1217个警察射杀案例显示，15岁至19岁的非洲裔男性被射杀率高达百万分之31.17，而同样年龄段的白人男性则仅为百万分之1.47。(76) 2014年几起引发全球关注的警察执法致人死亡案件，受害者都是非洲裔。前文提到的“弗格森事件”暴露了由美国制度化的种族歧视而引起的美国人权问题的特殊性、严重性和复杂性，实质上也是种族歧视问题在执法、司法层面的一次集中爆发。美国各地示威游行活动针对暴力执法和司法不公，深层次更针对种族歧视。美国前政要评价道，这些案件中美国国家刑事司法体系失去平衡。(77)在举国抗议有关案件判决不公之际，亚利桑那州菲尼克斯市又发生白人警察打死无辜非洲裔男子布里斯邦事件。有评论说，“这似乎是一个杀害非洲裔男性的开放季节”。(78) | Racial bias in law enforcement and judicial system is very distinct. Compared with other ethnic groups, African-Americans are more likely to become victims of police shooting. Police killings of African-Americans during law enforcement have practically become "normal" in the U.S. According to an analysis of federally collected data, young black males in recent years were at a far greater risk of being shot dead by police than their white counterparts -- 21 times greater. The 1,217 deadly police shootings from 2010 to 2012 captured in the federal data show that African-Americans, age 15 to 19, were killed at a rate of 31.17 per million, while just 1.47 per million white males in that age range died at the hands of police (www.propublica.org, October 10, 2014). Victims of the high-profile deaths caused by police enforcement in 2014 were all African-Americans. The above-mentioned Ferguson case exposed the feature, gravity and complexity of human rights problems in the U.S. caused by the country's institutional racial discrimination, highlighting the racial discrimination problem in the law enforcement and judicial system. The protests staged around the U.S. were directed against violent law enforcement and injustice, as well as the underlying problem of racial discrimination. When commenting on the cases in Ferguson and other places, a former senior American official said the U.S. criminal justice system was "out of balance" (www.washingtonpost.com, December 4, 2014). Amid sweeping protests against judicial injustice in relevant case, another fatal shooting of an African-American man Rumain Brisbon by a white police officer took place in Phoenix, Arizona. "It gives the impression that it's open season for killing black men," some comments said (www.usatoday.com, December 4, 2014). |
| 针对少数族裔使用执法圈套。在缉毒行动中，美国酒精、烟草和火器管理局使用执法圈套锁定的犯罪嫌疑人中，91%的是少数族裔，几乎全部都是非洲裔和拉美裔。(79)在波士顿，非洲裔不足全市人口的四分之一，但是被波士顿警察局拦截盘查的公民中63%是非洲裔。(80)非洲裔的被捕率远高于美国其他种族。全国至少有1,581个警察局中非洲裔的逮捕率高于其他种族的3倍，其中超过70个警察局非洲裔逮捕率高出其他种族10倍以上，迪尔伯恩警察局的统计数据显示，当地非洲裔的被捕率是其他种族的26倍多。(81)据“薇拉司法研究所”的研究，在曼哈顿，种族几乎在刑事诉讼的每一个阶段都是重要的影响因素，从保释到协商认罪、量刑。美国哈佛大学法学专家说：“非洲裔还不是完全意义上的公民。非洲裔、尤其是年轻非洲裔被假定为罪犯，隔离在充分享有公民权的边界之外。”(82)联合国人权事务高级专员扎伊德·侯赛因就此敦促“美国官方在联邦和州政府层面，深入审查种族问题如何影响执法与司法公正性。”(83) | Ethnic minorities are targeted in law enforcement sting operations. The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives overwhelmingly targeted racial and ethnic minorities as it expanded its use of controversial drug sting operations. At least 91 percent of the people agents have locked up using those stings were racial or ethnic minorities, and nearly all were either black or Hispanic (www.usatoday.com, July, 20, 2014). Just under a quarter of Boston's population is black, but black residents are 63 percent of those stopped-and-frisked by the Boston Police Department (www.washingtonpost.com, October 8, 2014). African-Americans are far more likely to be arrested than any other racial group in the U.S. More than 1,581 police departments across the U.S. arrest African-American people at rates over three times higher than people of other races. At least 70 departments arrested African-Americans at a rate 10 times higher than people who are not black. According to reports submitted by Dearborn police, the arrest rate for African-Americans, compared with the city's population, was 26 times higher than for people of other races (www.usatoday.com, November 18, 2014). According to a study by the Vera Institute of Justice, in Manhattan, race is a statistically significant factor in most of the discretion points in criminal justice procedures, from bail through plea bargaining and sentencing. A law professor with the Harvard University has criticized that "blacks are not yet full citizens" and that deep rooted prejudices have "made black people, particularly young black men, presumptive felons outside the boundaries of full citizenship" (www.ft.com, August 17, 2014). UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, has urged the US authorities "to conduct in-depth examinations into how race-related issues are affecting law enforcement and the administration of justice, both at the federal and state levels" (www.un.org, November 25, 2014). |
| 少数族裔面临就业和薪酬歧视。美国劳工统计局数据显示，2014年10月，白人失业率为4.6%，而非洲裔失业率为10.7%。(84)在德克萨斯州，18岁至34岁的青年中，白人的失业率为7%，非洲裔的失业率则高达18%。(85) 在就业中，宗教信仰歧视严重。穆斯林就业申请者被雇主联系的可能性最小，无神论者和无宗教信仰者也不受雇主欢迎。(86)非洲裔主要集中于低声望和低工资行业中工作。(87)高科技行业中非洲裔和拉美裔处于绝对劣势地位。几乎没有非洲裔和拉美裔在大科技公司的管理团队中占据职位。据调查，在22家公司的307位管理者中有6位非洲裔和3位拉美裔，所占比例不到3%。(88)谷歌的技术劳动力中非洲裔仅为1％。(89) 在薪酬方面，拉美裔、亚裔和非洲裔也普遍遭受歧视。根据美国经济研究所发布的研究报告披露，在高科技产业中拉美裔每年的收入比非拉美裔同事的平均年收入少16,353美元。在计算机编程员和软件开发员这样的高科技职位中，亚裔的年收入比白人的平均年收入少8,146美元，非洲裔的年收入比白人平均年收入少3,656美元。“在雇佣程序的每一个环节，隐藏的偏见都会渗入。”(90) | Ethnic minorities are facing with discrimination in employment and payment. Figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that in October 2014, unemployment rate with white Americans was 4.6 percent whereas the rate with African-Americans was 10.7 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics report USDL-15-0158 www.bls.gov, February 6, 2015). In Texas, African-Americans, aged 18 to 34, have an unemployment rate of 18 percent, while the rate of young white adults stands at 7 percent (www.houstonchronicle.com, January 6, 2015). Religious discrimination in employment is also serious. Muslims were least likely to be contacted by employers, and atheists and pagans were also unpopular (www.washingtonpost.com, June 18, 2014). Black workers are concentrated in low-prestige and low-wage occupations (www.msnbc.com, August 6, 2014). Major tech companies have begun owning up to the fact that blacks and Hispanics are vastly underrepresented in their ranks. African-Americans and Hispanics are missing on the management teams of major technology companies. A survey found that of the 307 top executives at 22 companies, six are black and three are Hispanic. That's less than 3 percent (www.usatoday.com, November 13, 2014). Only 1 percent of the Google's tech workforce is black (www.washingtonpost.com, May 29, 2014). Hispanic, Asian and African-Americans are also subject to prevalent discrimination in salaries. A report from the American Institute for Economic Research revealed that Hispanics earn $16,353 a year less on average than their colleagues who are not Hispanic. In the same high-skilled positions such as computer programmers and software developers, Asians make $8,146 less than whites and blacks $3,656 less than whites. "At every point in the hiring process hidden bias trickles in" (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2014). |
| 少数族裔的贫困状况更为严重。拉美裔仅占美国人口总数的17%，却占4,500万贫困人口的28.1%。1,450万贫困儿童中有37%是拉美裔。在65岁以上的老年群体中，拉美裔比其他任何族裔的贫困率都高。其老年人贫困率为20%，约为全国平均水平的2倍。(91)近60%的收容所居住者是少数种族。与美国整体人口相比，非洲裔美国人无家可归的比例高出3倍。紧急避难所中5岁以下的非洲裔儿童是白人同类群体的29倍。(92) | Poverty of minority groups is worsening. Overall 17 percent of all Americans are Hispanic, but Hispanics are over represented among the poor, making up 28.1 percent of the more than 45 million poor Americans and 37 percent of the 14.5 million children in poverty. In the old age group (65 years or older), Hispanics have the highest poverty rate of any racial or ethnic group. A total of 20 percent of Hispanics in this age group are poor, compared with about 10 percent nationwide (www.pewresearch.org, September 19, 2014). Nearly 60 percent of shelter residents are minorities with African Americans three times more likely to be homeless compared to the overall U.S. population. Black children under age 5 are 29 times more likely to end up in an emergency shelter than their white counterparts (www.christianpost.com, November 27, 2014). |
| 种族歧视成为种族仇恨犯罪的社会土壤。美国南方贫困问题法律中心数据显示，美国国内的仇恨团体数量从2000年的602个增加到2013年的939个。美国司法部对刑事案件受害者的年度调查显示，2012年共发生29.3万多起仇恨犯罪，相当于每天发生800起，其中超过20%的仇恨犯罪的实施者是17岁及以下的青少年。(93)2014年4月13日，73岁的白人至上主义分子弗雷泽·格伦·克洛斯在堪萨斯城犹太人机构附近枪杀3人。(94) | Racial discrimination sows the seeds for race-related hate crimes. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the number of domestic hate groups rose from 602 in 2000 to 939 in 2013. An annual Justice Department survey of crime victims found that more than 293,000 hate crimes were committed in 2012. That's 800 a day. Nearly 20 percent of the hate-crime perpetrators were 17 and younger (www.usatoday.com, April 16, 2014). On April 13, 2014, Frazier Glenn Cross, a 73-year-old white supremacist, shot and killed three people at two Jewish sites of Greater Kansas City (edition.cnn.com, April 14, 2014). |
| 2014年是美国《民权法案》颁布50周年。根据皮尤中心对美国种族关系现状调查，只有45%的受访者认为美国在种族平等方面有了进步。哥伦比亚广播公司新闻部的调查则显示，46%的人认为种族歧视将长期存在。(95) | 2014 marks the 50th anniversary of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to a survey by the Pew Research Center, only 45 percent of Americans said the U.S. had made substantial progress toward racial equality since the event. A CBS News poll found that 46 percent of Americans said there would always be a lot of prejudice and discrimination (www.pewresearch.org, April 9, 2014). |
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