2014年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 六、关于侵犯他国人权 | VI. On Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 在国际人权领域，美国长期不批准联合国一些核心人权公约，对联合国一些重要人权决议投反对票。而且美国依然变本加厉地侵犯他国人权，其中包括海外监听项目侵犯他国公民隐私权，无人机袭击造成他国大量平民伤亡，以及海外驻军强奸和杀害当地人等。 | In the field of international human rights, the U.S. has long refused to approve some core human rights conventions of the United Nations and voted against some important UN human rights resolutions. More than that, the U.S. continued to go even further to violate human rights in other countries, including infringing on the privacy of citizens of other countries with the overseas monitoring project, killing large number of innocent civilians of other countries in drone strikes, and raping and killing locals by U.S. soldiers garrisoned overseas. |
| 美国中央情报局滥用酷刑。截至2014年12月，在关塔那摩监狱仍有136名囚犯被关押。(110)美国国会参议院情报委员会2014年12月9日公布的报告披露，中情局向一家公司支付了8000万美元请其设计酷刑。中情局为获取情报对所抓获的恐怖和极端组织嫌疑人实施酷刑，使用剥夺睡眠、水刑、长期单独幽禁、将囚犯头部猛力撞墙和抽打乃至死亡威胁等审讯手段，甚至还有“直肠补液”等骇人手段。(111)在阿富汗的一个拘禁点，其中一名囚犯哈立德·谢赫·穆罕默德遭受水刑达183次。(112)根据中情局的记录，对被拘押人施加水刑的特工，很多人都“感到要吐了”，“有些人甚至想哭并觉得自己要窒息了”。(113)有的在押人员还遭遇性侵。缺乏证据、未经任何法庭审判而被关押长达12年的穆罕默杜·乌尔德·斯拉伊出版了自己在狱中写的日记。据德国《明镜》周刊登载的日记内容显示，斯拉伊遭受了各种折磨，包括毒打、饥饿、不准祈祷甚至性虐待。(114)《洛杉矶时报》发表社论称，报告展示了“后9·11时代”美国的耻辱和令人反胃的酷刑细节。2014年4月9日，美国德克萨斯州在处决墨西哥公民哈米诺·埃尔南德斯·亚纳斯过程中，未遵照《维也纳领事关系公约》确保其获得领事协助。2014年4月11日，联合国人权事务高级专员发言人表示，美国在剥夺获得领事协助权利的情况下处决外国公民构成任意剥夺生命行为，违反国际法，包括美国已批准的《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。 | The Central Intelligence Agency abused torture. As of December 2014, 136 prisoners remained locked up in the Guantanamo Bay military prison (www.latimes.com, December 8, 2014). As disclosed in the Senate Intelligence Committee report released on December 9, the CIA paid a contractor 80 million U.S. dollars to come up with ways to torture people. To acquire intelligence from suspects of terrorism and extremism, the CIA used brutal methods, such as sleep deprivation, waterboarding, long-term solitary confinement, slamming prisoners' head against the wall, lashing, death threat and even the appalling "rectal rehydration" (www.intelligence.senate.gov, December 3, 2014). Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a prisoner held by the CIA in Afghanistan, was tortured with water-boarding for 183 times (www.foxnews.com, April 1, 2014). According to CIA records, many agents implementing waterboarding felt sick, wanted to vomit, and some wanted to cry and felt suffocated (www.intelligence.senate.gov, December 3, 2014). Some detainees also underwent sexual assault. Mohamedou Ould Slahi, held in Guantanamo for 12 years without evidence and court trial, published a diary he wrote in prison. According to the diary, published by German weekly Der Spiegel, Slahi suffered from a variety of tortures, including savage beating, starvation, prohibition of prayer and sexual abuse (www.spiegel.de, January 20, 2015). The Los Angeles Times said in an editorial that the report showed American post-9/11 shame, as well as stomach-turning details of torture. On April 9, 2014, the U.S. executed Mexican citizen Ramiro Hernandez Llanas without granting him access to consular assistance, a flagrant violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. On April 11, 2014, the spokesperson for the UN high commission for human rights slammed the U.S. saying that its execution of foreign nationals while depriving them of the rights of obtaining consular assistance constituted an act of arbitrary deprivation of life, which violated the international law, including the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights approved by the U.S. |
| 大规模海外监听项目侵犯他国主权和公民权利。自2013年6月爱德华·斯诺登曝光美国的“棱镜”项目以来，美国当局被揭露出的监听项目不断增多，范围不断扩大，甚至包括联合国秘书长、德国总理、巴西总统等多达35个国家和国际组织的领导人。(115)2014年1月2日，《华盛顿邮报》报道，美国国家安全局代号为“攻克难关”的量子计算机研发项目，目的就是为了破解目前全球互联网常见的各类密码，窃取政府、企业、银行等机构的加密信息。(116)另一个代号为“量子”的项目，通过“间谍、电脑生产商或不知情使用者”等渠道，把微型电路板或USB存储卡安装到全球近10万台目标电脑之中，再通过接收这些设备发出的无线电波，获取电脑中的数据，并用来针对目标电脑发起网络攻击。(117)“碟火”和“优选”项目，每天搜集来自全球各方的多达2亿多条手机短信，以获知手机用户的所在位置、联系网络或信用卡详情。(118) | Massive overseas surveillance program violated other countries' sovereignty and civil rights. Ever since Edward Snowden blew the whistle on the PRISM data mining program of the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013, more surveillance programs of the U.S. authorities were revealed, and in larger scales. The NSA intercepted phone conversations of 35 world leaders, including Secretary-General of the United Nations, German chancellor and Brazilian president (www.theguardian.com, October 25, 2013). According to a Washington Post report on January 2, 2014, the NSA had a quantum computer development project, coded as "Penetrating Hard Targets," for the purpose of cracking common passwords on the Internet, and stealing encrypted information of government organs, enterprises and banks around the world (www.washingtonpost.com, January 2, 2014). In another project, code-named "Quantum," the NSA installed micro circuit boards or USB storage cards in nearly 100,000 computers around the world, through the channels of "spies, computer makes and unwitting users," obtained data from the computers via receiving radio waves emitted from these devices, and launched cyber attacks on target computers (www.washingtonpost.com, January 14, 2014 and www.huffingtonpost.com, January 14, 2014). Another program, codenamed "Dishfire," collected up to 200 million mobile phone text messages each day from around the globe, while program "Prefer" conducted automated analysis on these messages to acquire users' locations, networks and credit card transaction details (www.theguardian.com, January 6, 2014). |
| 频繁使用无人机造成他国大量平民伤亡。据统计，截至2014年11月24日，美国无人机在针对41人的袭击中却导致了1147人死亡，相当于每杀死一个“坏家伙”，就会导致包括妇女和儿童在内的28名平民的死亡。(119)在也门，自2014年初至4月中旬，美国的无人机轰炸和空袭已经导致约753到965人的死亡，至少81名平民被炸身亡。(120) | Frequent use of drones producing massive civilian casualties in other countries. Statistics showed that as of November 24, 2014, U.S. drones claimed the lives of 1,147 people in attacks against 41 persons, which meant the death of 28 civilians including women and children to kill every 'bad guy' the U.S. went after (www.theguardian.com, November 14, 2014). In Yemen, U.S. drone bombing and air strikes killed estimated 753 to 965 people, including at least 81 civilians, from the beginning of 2014 to mid April. (www.washingtonpost.com, September 11, 2014). |
| 美国海外驻军侵犯人权事件时有发生。2014年7月25日，驻扎在意大利北部维琴察附近的美军士兵格雷·拉马库斯和艾德思·麦克考夫被控强奸、殴打一位怀有六个月身孕的罗马尼亚妇女。(121)10月15日，菲律宾警方指控美国海军一等兵约瑟夫·斯科特·彭伯顿谋杀一名菲律宾变性人。(122) | Frequent violation of human rights by U.S. troops overseas. On July 25, 2014, two American soldiers based near the northern Italian town Vicenza, Gray Lamarcus and Ides McCough, were accused of raping and beating a six month pregnant Romanian woman (www.thedailybeast.com, July 25, 2014). On October 15, 2014, the Philippine police accused American marine Joseph Scott Pemberton of murdering a transgender (www.cbsnews.com, October 15, 2014). |
| 对待国际人权法我行我素。迄今为止，美国仍然不承认发展权是一项人权。在2014年9月人权理事会第27次会议通过有关“发展权”的决议时，美国再一次成为唯一投反对票的国家。(123)美国虽然在1977年就签署了《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》，但至今没有批准该公约。美国尽管宣称重视保护妇女儿童的权利，但签署《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》已经34年却迟迟不予批准，签署《儿童权利公约》19年后亦未批准。此外，美国为了回避自身责任，在外债与人权问题上态度消极。2014年3月和9月，联合国人权理事会第25次会议和第27次会议先后两次通过“外债对人权影响”的决议，美国均投了反对票。(124) | Take its own way on international human rights law. To date, the U.S. still denies that the right of development is a human right. In September 2014, when a draft resolution on the right of development was tabled for a vote at the 27th session of the Human Rights Council, the U.S. once again was the only nation to vote against it (www.ohchr.org, adopted resolution A/HRC/RES/27/2). Though the U.S. signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1977, it has not ratified it so far. Though the U.S. claimed it valued the rights of women and children, yet 34 years after it signed the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, it has not ratified the treaty. It has neither ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child 19 years after signing it. Besides, the U.S. remained inactive on foreign debts and human rights to evade its responsibility. It voted against the draft resolution of "the effects of foreign debt on the enjoyment of all human rights" at meetings of the UN Human Rights Council in March and September in 2014 respectively (UN document A/HRC/RES/25/16). |
注(110) 《洛杉矶时报》，2014年12月8日。 注(111) 美国参议院情报委员会报告（www.intelligence.senate.gov），2014年12月3日。 注(112) 福克斯新闻网站（www.foxnews.com）,2014年4月1日。 注(113) 美国参议院情报委员会报告（www.intelligence.senate.gov），2014年12月3日。 注(114) 德国《明镜》周刊网站（www.spiegel.de）,2015年1月20日。 注(115) 英国《卫报》网站（www.theguardian.com），2013年10月25日。 注(116) 《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2014年1月2日。 注(117) 《华盛顿邮报》，2014年1月14日；《赫芬顿邮报》网站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2014年1月14日。 注(118) 英国《卫报》网站（www.theguardian.com），2014年1月6日。 注(119) 英国《卫报》网站（www.theguardian.com），2014年11月24日。 注(120) 《华盛顿邮报》网站（www.washingtonpost.com），2014年9月11日。 注(121) THE DAILY BEAST网站（www.thedailybeast.com），2014年7月25日。 注(122) 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻网（www.cbsnews.com），2014年10月15日。 注(123) 联合国人权理事会第二十七届会议关于发展权的决议（A/HRC/RES/27/2），（daccess-dds-ny.un.org）。 注(124) 联合国文件编号A/HRC/RES/25/16。 | |
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