《中国性别平等与妇女发展》白皮书
White Paper: Gender Equality and Women's Development in China
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| 二、妇女与经济 | II. Women and the Economy |
| 平等参与经济活动和公平享有经济资源是妇女生存发展的基本条件。中国在推进经济结构战略性调整和转变经济发展方式的改革创新中，充分保障妇女经济权益，促进妇女平等参与经济发展、平等享有改革发展成果。 | Equal participation in economic activities and equitable access to economic resources are the basic conditions for the well-being and development of women. While pressing forward with a strategic adjustment of its economic structure and reform and innovation of its growth model, China fully protects the economic interests of women, promoting women's equal participation in economic development and equal access to the fruits of reform and development. |
| 妇女贫困状况显著改善。中国在实施全方位扶贫战略中，统筹考虑城镇化、老龄化、市场化及气候变化等因素对妇女贫困的影响，加大妇女扶贫脱贫力度。实施中国农村扶贫开发纲要，将妇女作为重点扶贫群体，同等条件下优先安排妇女扶贫项目，不断提升贫困妇女的发展能力和受益水平。贫困妇女数量大幅减少，妇女贫困程度不断降低。在592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县，女性人口的贫困发生率从2005年的20.3%下降到2010年的9.8%。建立完善新型社会救助体系，加大对贫困妇女的保障力度。2014年，妇女享受城乡居民最低生活保障的人数分别为792万人和1826万人，比2006年分别增加了200万人和1591万人。积极开展“贫困母亲两癌救助”“母亲安居工程”“母亲健康快车”等公益慈善项目，帮助患病贫困妇女、贫困单亲母亲改善生存与发展状况。 | Significant progress has been made in alleviating poverty among women. During the implementation of comprehensive poverty reduction strategies, China has given overall consideration to the impact of urbanization, aging, climate change and other social and market factors on poverty among women, and strengthened efforts to address such poverty. China has implemented a program for poverty alleviation through development in rural areas, making women a key focus of attention and giving priority to poverty alleviation projects for women when all other conditions are equal, striving to improve the development capacity of women and bringing more benefits to them as a group. The number of impoverished women has dropped by an enormous margin, and the severity of poverty of women has been continuously alleviated. In the 592 poorest counties which are made the main targets of national poverty alleviation and development work, the poverty rate of the female population decreased from 20.3 percent in 2005 to 9.8 percent in 2010. The state has established a new-model social relief system, increasing efforts to protect impoverished women. In 2014, the numbers of women covered by subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents were 7.92 million and 18.26 million respectively, increasing by 2 million and 15.91 million, as compared to 2006. The state has actively implemented a number of public welfare and charity programs for impoverished mothers, such as the program of relief for mothers suffering from breast cancer and cervical cancer, the comfortable housing project for impoverished rural single mothers, and the mother health express program, bringing help to sick women, poor single mothers and various other groups of mothers in need. |
| 保障妇女的平等就业权利。就业是民生之本。国家制定和完善法律法规，促进公平就业，消除就业性别歧视。《中华人民共和国就业促进法》专设“公平就业”一章，强调男女平等就业权利。《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》对企业订立女职工权益保护专项集体合同作出明确规定，为保障女职工合法权益提供了法律依据。制定、修订和实施《女职工劳动保护特别规定》、机关事业单位处级干部和高级职称专业技术人员男女同龄退休、支持女性科技人才成长及促进女大学生平等就业等一系列法规、政策及措施，为妇女就业和职业发展创造有利条件。 | The state ensures equal employment right for women. Employment has a vital bearing on people's quality of life. The state has promulgated and improved laws and regulations to promote fair employment and eliminate gender discrimination in employment. The Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China has a chapter specially dealing with fair employment, emphasizing gender equality in employment right. The Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China has clear provisions under which businesses are required to create collective contracts for protecting female workers' rights and interests, providing a legal basis for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of female workers. To create favorable conditions for women's employment and career development, the state has also developed, amended and implemented the Special Regulations on Labor Protection of Female Employees, along with policies that enable women in positions as middle-ranking officials, senior professionals and technicians at state organs and public institutions to retire at the same age as their male counterparts, and policies to facilitate the growth of female scientists and promote equal employment opportunities for female college graduates. |
| 促进妇女就业创业。国家针对不同妇女群体就业创业中面临的困难，出台支持性政策措施。实施鼓励妇女就业创业的小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，2009年以来向妇女发放小额贴息贷款2220.6亿元人民币，扶植和带动千万妇女创业就业。大力发展家政服务和手工编织等行业，为城乡妇女就地就近和转移就业提供服务。开展女大学生就业创业扶持行动，为女大学生提供就业培训、创业指导、见习岗位。实施“阳光工程”，提高农村女性劳动力素质和就业技能，为促进农村女性劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移创造条件。全国共建立20多万所“妇女学校”，近2亿人次妇女参加农业新技术、新品种培训，150万名妇女获得农业技术员职称和绿色证书，创办5.3万个妇女专业合作组织。自2011年启动“城镇百万残疾人就业工程”以来，每年新增残疾妇女就业约10万人。 | The state helps women who are seeking employment and starting businesses. The state has introduced supportive policies and measures to address the difficulties of women in seeking employment and starting businesses. To engage women in employment and entrepreneurship, the state has introduced the small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount. Since 2009, a total of 222.06 billion yuan has been issued in small discount loans to women, helping millions of women with their new businesses and careers. The state vigorously promotes the development of housekeeping services in urban areas and handicrafts, such as weaving and knitting, in rural areas, in order that women in cities and countryside can find employment locally and close to their homes, and also to promote employment transfer. It supports female college graduates in seeking employment and starting businesses, providing training in employment, guidance in starting businesses and internship opportunities, and it has implemented the Sunshine Project, improving the quality and skills of the rural female workforce and creating conditions to promote the transfer of rural female workforce to non-agricultural sectors and urban areas. There are now more than 200,000 training schools for women nationwide, providing training sessions to a total of nearly 200 million women in new agricultural technologies and new crop species. A total of 1.5 million women have obtained titles and qualifications as agricultural technicians, and 53,000 women's professional cooperatives have been founded. Following the launch of an employment promotion project for the disabled in urban areas in 2011, about 100,000 disabled women have joined the workforce each year. |
| 妇女就业结构不断改善。2013年，全国女性就业人数为34640万，占就业总数的45%。最新一期中国妇女社会地位调查显示，妇女从事第二、第三产业的比例比10年前提高了25个百分点，各类负责人、专业技术人员、办事人员及有关人员所占比例较10年前提高了13个百分点。2013年女性中高级专业技术人员达到661万人，占中高级专业技术人员的44.1%，比2000年提高了9个百分点。中国女企业家群体不断壮大，女企业家约占企业家总数的四分之一。实施“创业创新巾帼行动”，促进女性在新兴产业就业，互联网领域创业者中女性占55%。 | The state improves the employment structure for women. In 2013, the total number of women employed nationwide was 346.4 million, accounting for 45 percent of the total employed population. The latest survey of the social status of Chinese women shows that women in secondary and tertiary industries grew by 25 percentage points in comparison with 10 years ago, and that female heads of various departments, professional and technical personnel, and clerical and related personnel increased by 13 percentage points. In 2013, the number of middle-ranking and senior female professional and technical personnel reached 6.61 million, or 44.1 percent of the total in this category, an increase of 9 percentage points from that of 2000. The number of female entrepreneurs keeps growing, now accounting for one quarter of the total number of entrepreneurs in China. The government has initiated an action plan to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among women, encouraging women to seek employment in emerging industries. About 55 percent of new Internet businesses are being founded by women. |
| 保障农村妇女的土地权益。中国是一个农业大国，农村妇女约占农业劳动力的70%。在全面深化农村改革和推进基层依法自治的过程中，国家落实和完善保障农村妇女土地权益的法律政策，建立健全农村集体资金、资产、资源管理等各项制度，纠正与法律政策规定、性别平等原则相冲突的村规民约，确保农村妇女平等享有土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权和集体收益分配权。在土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作中，明确登记簿和确权证上应体现妇女的土地权益，从源头上保障农村妇女的生存发展资源。 | The state protects the rights and interests of rural women in relation to land. China is a large agricultural country, and women living in rural areas account for about 70 percent of the total agricultural labor force. While forging ahead with deeper all-round reform and promoting village-level self-government in rural areas, the state has implemented and improved laws and policies on protecting the land rights of women in rural areas, established various systems for managing rural collective funds, assets and resources, corrected any village regulations and folk conventions for villagers that are in conflict with statutory regulations and the principle of gender equality, so as to ensure that women in rural areas enjoy equal rights of land contract and management, use of homesteads and distribution of collective income. In the verification, registration and certification of land contract and management rights, it is clearly ruled that women's rights and interests in relation to land must be given expression to in the registration book and land right certificate, so that women in rural areas are ensured access to the resources necessary for survival and development at source. |
| 提高妇女社会保障水平。《中华人民共和国社会保险法》把生育保险作为独立章节，明确规定妇女平等享有社会保障的权利。《中国妇女发展纲要(2011-2020年)》增设“妇女与社会保障”领域，提出妇女平等享有社会保险、社会救济、社会福利和社会救助的主要目标和策略措施。妇女参加养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险人数不断增加。2013年，妇女参加城镇职工养老保险、城镇职工医疗保险的人数分别达到14612万和12657万，比2005年分别增加了6743万和7282万；妇女参加生育保险人数达到7117万，比2005年增加了4844万。2012年4月《女职工劳动保护特别规定》颁布实施，法定产假时间由原来的90天延长到98天，妇女享有生育保障的待遇不断提高。 | The state improves the level of social security for women. The Social Insurance Law of the People' s Republic of China has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, clearly stipulating that women equally enjoy social security rights. In the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020), a section titled "Women and Social Security" was added, defining the main goals, policies, and measures to enable women to enjoy equal access to social insurance, relief, welfare and assistance. The number of women participating in old-age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance, and maternity insurance keeps rising. In 2013, the numbers of women covered by old-age insurance and medical insurance for urban workers reached 146.12 million and 126.57 million, growing by 67.43 million and 72.82 million as compared to the figures in 2005, and the number of women participating in maternity insurance reached 71.17 million, an increase of 48.44 million as compared with 2005. In April 2012, the Special Regulations on Labor Protection for Female Employees was promulgated and put into effect, extending statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days and increasing the level of maternity protection for women. |
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