《新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证》白皮书
White Paper: Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development
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| 三、不断夯实发展基础 | III. Constantly Strengthening the Foundations of Development |
| 60年来，新疆经济发展水平不断提高。经济快速发展提升了新疆的现代化水平，为自治区各项事业发展以及各族人民生活水平提高奠定了坚实基础。 | Over the past six decades, Xinjiang's economy has achieved steady and rapid development, which has accelerated the region' s modernization and laid a solid foundation for improved standards of living and progress in various social programs. |
| 综合实力显著增强。1955年，新疆地区生产总值12亿元，1978年为39亿元，到2014年达到9273.46亿元，扣除价格因素，比1955年增长115.6倍，年均增长8.3%，比同期全国增速快0.2个百分点。2010－2014年，新疆地区生产总值年均增速11.1%，高于全国同期增速2.5个百分点，增速在全国的位次由2009年的第30位跃升至2014年的第4位，创历史最好水平。新疆人均生产总值由1955年的241元提高到2014年的40648元，扣除价格因素，比1955年增长23.8倍，年均增长5.6%。1955年新疆财政收入只有1.7亿元，2014年达到1282.6亿元。2010－2014年，新疆财政收入合计实现4540.8亿元。新疆财政支出1955年只有1.8亿元，2014年达到3317.8亿元。2010－2014年，财政支出合计实现13088.4亿元。 | Marked improvement has been observed in Xinjiang' s overall strength. Its gross regional product (GRP) was only RMB1.2 billion in 1955 and RMB3.9 billion in 1978. In 2014, it reached RMB927.3 billion, a 116-fold increase over that of 1955 in real terms, with an annual growth rate of 8.3 percent, or 0.2 percentage point higher than China' s average during the same period. Over the years between 2010 and 2014, the average annual growth rate of Xinjiang's GRP was 11.1 percent, 2.5 percentage points higher than the national average. It ranked the fourth of all the country's province-level divisions - its highest ever placing as compared to the 30th in 2009. Xinjiang's per-capita GRP rose to RMB40,648 in 2014 from RMB241 in 1955, about a 24-fold increase in real terms, and a 5.6-percent annual growth. Xinjiang's fiscal revenues and expenditure, no more than RMB170 million and RMB180 million in 1955, grew to RMB128 billion and RMB332 billion in 2014. Over the period from 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang collected a total of RMB454 billion in fiscal revenues, and spent a total of RMB1,308.8 billion. |
| 城乡差距逐步缩小。自治区成立之初，新疆只有乌鲁木齐、喀什、伊宁、哈密等少数城市，农村处于封闭的自然经济状态，城乡差别很大。经过60年的建设和发展，城乡居民的生产生活条件得到极大改善。城镇人口与乡村人口由1955年的15.1：84.9演变为2014年的46.07：53.93。城乡居民收入比由2009年的3.2：1缩小至2014年的2.7：1，在西部12省区中城乡居民收入差距相对较小。随着新疆新型城镇化的加快发展，有更多的农民转变成市民，过上了现代化的城市生活。 | The gap between urban and rural areas has gradually been narrowed. When the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was founded, it had only few cities like Urumqi, Kashi (Kashgar), Yining (Ghulja) and Hami (Kumul). Its rural areas remained a closed natural economy. There was a yawning gap between urban and rural areas. After six decades of construction and development, enormous improvement has been observed in the production and living conditions of both urban and rural residents. The ratio of urban to rural population was 15.1:84.9 in 1955. By 2014, it had changed to 46.07:53.93. The ratio of urban residents' income to that of rural residents decreased from 3.2:1 in 2009 to 2.7:1 in 2014, narrower than that in the 11 other provinces and autonomous regions of western China. As Xinjiang's new model of urbanization develops fast, more and more rural residents are moving to the cities and enjoying a modern city life. |
| 区域经济协调发展。由于历史原因和现实条件不同，新疆南疆、北疆发展水平差异较大。改革开放以来，新疆率先发展天山北坡经济带，有力地带动和辐射了自治区经济的发展。2014年，天山北坡经济带创造生产总值6386.9亿元，占新疆GDP的68.9%。国家和自治区十分重视少数民族占多数的南疆地区发展，特别是2010年以来，新疆积极推动南疆石油天然气化工带建设和大力扶持贫困地区发展，在资金、项目方面予以倾斜，南疆四地州（和田、阿克苏、喀什、克州）经济平均增速由2009年的10.5%提高到2014年的11.2%，南疆地区的经济实力显著增强，人民生活水平不断提高。 | The economy of the various areas of Xinjiang is developing in a coordinated way. For historical reasons and due to different conditions, Xinjiang's northern and southern parts, which are divided by the Tianshan Mountains, varied sharply in development. Following the launch of reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang decided to first develop the economic belt along the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Development then extended to other parts and propelled the economic growth of the whole region. In 2014, the gross product of the economic belt reached RMB638.7 billion, accounting for 68.9 percent of Xinjiang's total. The state and the autonomous region have also attached great importance to the development of southern Xinjiang, which is mainly populated by ethnic minorities. Since 2010 in particular, Xinjiang has actively encouraged the development of the southern Xinjiang petroleum, natural gas and chemical industry belt and made strenuous effort to support the development of poverty-stricken areas there by giving them a high priority in funding and projects. The average economic growth rate of the four southern Xinjiang prefectures (Hotan, Aksu and Kashi prefectures, and Kizilsu Kirgiz autonomous prefecture) increased from 10.5 percent in 2009 to 11.2 percent in 2014. A steady growth has been seen in the economic strength of southern Xinjiang, so has a constant improvement in the local people's standards of living. |
| 经济结构不断优化。1955年新疆三次产业增加值占地区生产总值的比重为54.4：26.1：19.5，是典型的以传统农牧业为主体的产业格局，三次产业的就业结构为86.9：6.1：7.0。到2014年，三次产业结构调整为16.6：42.6：40.8，就业结构进一步优化为45.4：16.0：38.6。初步形成以农业为基础、工业为主导、服务业占重要地位的现代产业结构。1978年后，新疆加快所有制结构调整。发挥公有制主导作用，形成了石油、有色、化工、钢铁、煤炭等支柱产业体系，保证国民经济持续、稳定、协调发展。鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展。1978年，新疆个体工商户仅为4168户，2014年达到72万户。2014年，民间固定资产投资4066.93亿元，投资贡献率达48.2%。非公有制工业经济增速高于整个工业经济增速5.4个百分点，对规模以上工业增长的贡献率为33.8%。 | The economic structure is being steadily optimized. Xinjiang's economy represented a typical pattern featuring traditional agriculture and husbandry as the main component. The ratio of added-value of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors was 54.4:26.1:19.5 in 1955, and the workforce distribution among the three sectors was 86.9:6.1:7.0. By 2014, the two ratios had improved to 16.6:42.6:40.8 and 45.4:16.0:38.6. A modern industrial structure, with the agricultural sector as the base, manufacturing sector as the spearhead, and service sector as an important component, had taken shape in Xinjiang. After 1978, Xinjiang has stepped up the adjustment of its pattern of ownership. It gave full play to the leading role of public ownership, forming a system of state-owned pillar industries such as petroleum, non-ferrous metals, chemical engineering, steel and coal, as the mainstays, thus having guaranteed the sustained, steady and coordinated growth of the national economy. Meanwhile, it has encouraged, supported and guided the development of the non-public sector. The number of individually owned businesses reached 720,000 in 2014, as compared to the mere 4,168 in 1978. In 2014, private investment in fixed assets was around RMB407 billion, contributing 48.2 percent of the total. Non-public industrial enterprises witnessed a growth rate 5.4 percentage points higher than the industrial sector as a whole, and contributed 33.8 percent to the increment of industrial enterprises with an annual sales revenue of RMB20 million or more. |
| 基础设施日趋完善。2014年，公路通车总里程达17.55万公里，其中高速公路通车里程达到4316公里，是2009年的5倍，排名从全国第27位跃居第12位；农村公路总里程13.5万公里，乡镇通达率为99.93%，乡镇通畅率为98.21%，建制村通达率为98.71%，建制村通畅率为84.88%。铁路运输从无到有，不断发展，2014年铁路总里程达到5760.2公里。开通乌鲁木齐－兰州高速铁路，跨入高铁运营新时代。建成了贯通东西、连接南北疆、衔接内地、沟通欧亚的铁路运输干线。1978年，新疆仅有1个民航机场、9条区内航线。2014年，已建成运营16个民航机场，开辟了155条航线，通航总里程16万多公里，成为中国拥有机场数量最多，开通航线最长的省区。 | The infrastructure has become more and more complete. In 2014, 175,500 km of highways were open to traffic, of which 4,316 km were expressways, five times more than in 2009, and Xinjiang had risen to the 12th place among all province-level administrative divisions in the country from the 27th in 2009. A total of 135,000 km of roads served the traffic in rural areas, linking 99.93 percent of towns and 98.71 percent of administrative villages. Some 98 percent of roads between towns and 85 percent of roads between administrative villages were concrete or asphalt ones that meet national standards and requirements. Rail transport in Xinjiang has developed from scratch. In 2014, the overall length of track reached 5,760 km. The region's first high-speed rail between Urumqi and Lanzhou has opened to traffic. A trunk rail network, stretching from east to west and from north to south, connects Xinjiang with other parts of China and with countries in Asia and Europe. In 1978, Xinjiang had only one civil airport and nine regional air routes. By 2014, it had in operation 16 civil airports, and 115 air routes totaling 160,000 km. Thus, Xinjiang now boasts the most airports and the longest air routes in operation of all China's province-level administrative divisions. |
| 水利建设极大地改善了各族人民的生产生活条件。新疆水库数量由1949年的3座，总库容5234万立方米，发展到2014年的538座，总库容达到169.08亿立方米。2010年以来，新疆先后将农业高效节水工程、“定居兴牧”水利工程、农村饮水安全工程确定为重点民生水利工程加快建设。到2014年，示范带动全疆建成高效节水灌溉面积2770万亩，建设规模全国领先。改善灌溉面积398.49万亩，新增人工饲草料地372.08万亩，年净增精料和干草303万吨，为10.6万户牧民定居饲草料地建设提供了水源保障。农村建成大小水厂1315座，解决农村饮水不安全人口1125.63万人，占农村总人口的96%以上，有效遏制了水源污染导致的地方传染病、多发病的流行。 | Water conservancy projects have led to a great improvement in working and living conditions. Xinjiang had 538 reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 16.908 billion cu m in 2014, as compared to three with a total storage capacity of 52.34 million cu m in 1949. Since 2010, key water conservancy projects bearing on daily life have taken priority in Xinjiang; they included high-efficiency water-saving projects in agriculture, "settlement of herdsmen" water projects, and safe drinking water projects in rural areas. By 2014, high-efficiency water-saving irrigation extended to 27.7 million (1.85 million ha) of farmlands, topping the whole country. Xinjiang had improved irrigation over 3,984,900 (265,660 ha), increased the area of forage land by 3,720,800 (248,053 ha), achieved a net increase of 3.03 million tons in fine forage and hay, and provided water sources for forage lands to safeguard the settlements of 106,000 herding families. Xinjiang's rural areas had a total of 1,315 water works of different sizes, which provided safe drinking water to 11.3 million people, or over 96 percent of the rural population. This has effectively held in check the spread of local infectious and frequently occurring diseases caused by water source pollution. |
| 电力工业发展迅速。2010年以来，“疆电外送”哈密南－郑州±800千伏首条特高压直流外送通道投产运行，准东－华东±1100千伏线路配套电源项目全面开工建设。全区电网由110千伏到220千伏联网并到750千伏高等级电网主网架。2014年，电力装机容量已达到5464万千瓦，发电量2091亿千瓦时，“疆电外送”175亿千瓦时，输电线路总长65656公里。新能源装机容量已占全区电力总装机的20.1%，形成以火电为主，水电、风电、燃气电站、光伏电站、生物质能电站多种发电形式并存的发电格局。 | The power industry is developing rapidly. The South Hami-Zhengzhou +-800 kv UHVDC Transmission Project, Xinjiang's first UHVDC transmission channel sending electricity out of Xinjiang, was put into operation in 2010, and the building of the supporting power projects of the Zhundong-Huadong +-1100 kv UHVDC Transmission Project has started. Xinjiang's 110 kv and 220 kv grids were connected to the 750 kv higher-grade trunk grid. In 2014, Xinjiang had installed power-generating capacity of 55 million kw, and produced 209 billion kwh of electricity. It sent 17.5 billion kwh to other parts of China through transmission lines totaling 65,656 km. The installed capacity using new energy made up 20 percent of the total. A pattern of power generation with thermal power as the mainstay and other forms of power like hydro power, wind power, gas power, photovoltaic power and biomass power in support, has taken shape. |
| 步入现代信息化社会。通信业从60年前的“骆驼电报，驴马邮政”逐步进入到现代信息时代。互联网基本实现全覆盖。2014年，互联网宽带用户总数达到305.7万户，移动电话普及率90.8部/百人，自然村通电话率98%，行政村通宽带率97%。不断提升乌鲁木齐区域性国际通信业务出入口局地位，疏通境外10余个国家的语音和数据业务，境内疏导国际电话业务的范围覆盖全国。 | Xinjiang has become an information society. Six decades ago telegrams and post were mainly carried by animals. Now, its communications industry has entered the modern information era. There is Internet coverage across most of the region. In 2014, broadband user numbers exceeded 3 million, and there were 91 mobile phones per 100 people. Around 98 percent of villages had phone line connections and 97 percent of administrative villages had broadband connections. Xinjiang has invested great efforts in raising the status of Urumqi as a regional inward and outward hub in international telecommunication services. Its voice and data services have cross-border connections with more than ten foreign countries, and are able to connect international call services to the whole of the country. |
| 对外开放扎实推进。1978年后，经国家批准，新疆先后开通了17个一类口岸、12个二类口岸，成功举办19届“乌鲁木齐对外经济贸易洽谈会”和4届“中国－亚欧博览会”。建立喀什、霍尔果斯两个国家级经济开发区、中国－哈萨克斯坦霍尔果斯国际边境合作中心。目前，全区已有国家级产业集聚区23个，主要贸易伙伴已扩大到186个国家和地区，一个全方位对外开放新格局已经形成。新疆外贸进出口总额由1955年的0.51亿美元提高到2014年的276.69亿美元，年均增长11.3%。2009－2014年，实际利用外资年均增长12.12%，境外承包工程营业额年均增长26.1%，对外投资年均增长25.1%。 | Solid progress has been made in opening up to the outside world. Since 1978, Xinjiang, with state approval, has created 17 first-class ports and 12 second-class ports, in addition to successfully holding 19 Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fairs and four China-Eurasia Expos. It has set up two national economic development zones in Kashi and Khorgos, and the International Center for Cross-Border Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in Khorgos. Now, there are in Xinjiang 23 state-class industrial clusters. It trades with 186 countries and regions. A new pattern of all-round opening up has taken shape in the region. The value of Xinjiang's combined imports and exports grew from US$51 million in 1955 to almost US$27.7 billion in 2014, averaging an annual growth rate of 11.3 percent. Between 2009 and 2014, applied foreign investment grew at an annual rate of over 12 percent, the volumes of overseas contract business increased by an annual average of 26 percent, and investment outside China went up by an annual average of 25 percent. |
| 科技创新对经济社会发展的驱动作用显著增强。自治区成立以来，科技投入、科技队伍、科技平台、科技成果稳步增长，逐步建立了具有区域特色的科技创新体系。农业科技进步贡献率逐年提高，良种覆盖率超过90%。工业科技和高新技术迅猛发展，铁路牵引变压器、太阳能和风力发电装备研制、少数民族文字信息处理等关键核心技术水平位居我国前列。资源环境领域科技取得重大突破，发现了塔里木盆地油气，塔里木沙漠公路及防护林生态工程建设技术达到国际先进水平。 | The driving force of scientific and technological innovation has remarkably increased in Xinjiang's socio-economic development. Since its founding, Xinjiang has experienced constant increases in its financial input in science and technology, in the size of staff in scientific work, in the variety research platforms and in the number of research achievements, which have gradually led to the establishment of a system of scientific and technological innovation with distinct regional characteristics. The contribution made by scientific and technological progress to the development of agriculture has increased year by year, and improved crop varieties make up over 90 percent of total output. Industrial technology and new and high technology are developing rapidly. Xinjiang leads the country in railway traction transformer technologies, solar and wind power equipment research and manufacturing, and information processing in ethnic minority languages. It has made major technological breakthroughs in the field of resources and environment technology, discovering the petroleum and natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin. The technologies used in the Tarim Desert Highway and Shelter Forest Project meet the highest international advanced standards. |
| 生态文明水平稳步提升。新疆生态环境极其脆弱，环境容量十分有限，绿洲面积仅占国土总面积的5%。60年来，特别是2010年以来，新疆坚持保护优先、生态立区和资源开发可持续、生态环境可持续，加大生态环境保护和建设力度，实现了经济发展与生态保护同步双赢。 | Steady progress has been made in environmental protection. The ecological system in Xinjiang is extremely fragile, with very limited environmental capacity. Oases account for only 5 percent of the region's total area. Over the past 60 years, and especially since 2010, Xinjiang has made ecological and environmental protection a top priority, insisting on sustainable development of resources and the eco-environment. It has devoted great efforts to protecting and building its ecological system, carefully balancing the interests of economic growth and environmental protection. |
| 依法保护生态环境。坚持规划先行，发布实施了《新疆维吾尔自治区主体功能区规划》，修订颁布了《新疆维吾尔自治区环境保护条例》《新疆维吾尔自治区煤炭石油天然气开发环境保护条例》《新疆维吾尔自治区湿地保护条例》《乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治条例》等地方性法规。已建立自治区级以上各类自然保护区31个、风景名胜区18个、森林公园52个、地质公园9个，世界自然遗产地1个、湿地公园16个，湿地保护率达到53.52%，高于全国43.15%的平均水平。 | Xinjiang protects its environment in accordance with the law. It has drawn up detailed plans and regulations first to protect the environment. It enacted the Zoning Program of Major Functional Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and amended or issued a series of local regulations, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection, Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection in the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Regulations of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on Wetland Conservation of the Autonomous Region, and Regulations of Urumqi City on Air Pollution Prevention and Control. It now has 31 natural reserves of various kinds at or above the autonomous region level, 18 scenic spots, 52 forest parks, nine geoparks, one world natural heritage site, and 16 wetland parks. Fifty-four percent of its wetland areas are under protection, higher than the national average of 43 percent. |
| 加大生态环境保护工程建设力度。2010年至今，新疆每年人工造林和封山育林面积250万亩以上，森林面积和林木蓄积量在全国分别排名第14位和第12位。目前，82个县市基本实现农田林网化，45个县市达到国家平原绿化标准，95%的农田得到了林网的有效保护。绿洲森林覆盖率由14.95%提高到23.5%，退耕还林面积达到325.8万亩。启动实施伊犁河谷百万亩生态经济林工程、塔里木盆地周边防沙治沙工程等重点工程。累计治理沙化面积2460万亩，退牧还草工程建设围栏4160万亩。以小流域水土流失治理为载体，累计治理水土流失面积4000多平方公里。实施塔里木河流域综合治理工程，已完成15次应急输水，使塔里木河下游重现生机。全区79条重要河流水质优良率由2009年的88.3%提高到2014年的94%；湖库优良水质比例由43.3%提高到67.8%，远高于全国平均水平。 | Xinjiang has intensified efforts in ecological and environmental protection programs. Since 2010, Xinjiang has planted or protected over 2,500,000 (166,667 ha) of forests by restricting access to mountain areas. Its total forest area and forest stock rank 14th and 12th in China. Now, belts of shelter-forests built to protect farmlands in all of Xinjiang's 82 counties and county-level cities have merged to form a network, 45 counties and county-level cities have reached the national standards in plains afforestation, and 95 percent of farmlands are effectively protected by the shelter-forests. The forest coverage in oases has risen from 15 percent to 23.5 percent, and a total of 3,258,000 (217,200 ha) of farmland has been returned to forest. Major projects for ecological protection have been launched, such as the Million Ecological Economic Forest Project in Ili Valley and the Project for Prevention and Control of Desertification around Tarim Basin, restoring a total of 24.6 million (1.64 million ha) of degraded lands and enclosing 51.6 million (3.4 million ha) of grassland to prevent grazing. It has curbed water and soil erosion over more than 4,000 sq km of small river valleys. The Comprehensive Reclamation Project of Tarim River Valley has provided emergency water supplies to its lower reaches on 15 occasions, gradually restoring prosperity there. In 2014, water quality was good in 94 percent of major rivers and 67.8 percent of lakes and reservoirs, as compared to 88.3 percent and 43.3 percent in 2009. This is much higher than the national average level. |
| 加强环境污染治理。开展了乌鲁木齐、奎屯－独山子－乌苏等区域大气污染治理和联防联控。首府乌鲁木齐市空气质量显著改善，2014年优良天数达到310天，创下近20年来最好成绩。实施了博斯腾湖、赛里木湖、乌伦古湖、喀纳斯湖等水质较好湖泊生态环境保护试点。完成367个城乡集中式饮用水源地保护和1836个村庄环境综合整治，切实保障了人民群众饮水安全和农村人居环境改善。开展生态文明示范创建工作，已建成国家环保模范城市2个，国家级生态区、生态乡镇、生态村共43个，自治区级生态区、生态乡镇、生态村共1057个。 | Xinjiang has put in a lot of work to tackle pollution. Joint prevention and control of air pollution has been carried out in areas like Urumqi and Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu. There has been a considerable improvement in the air quality of the regional capital, Urumqi. During 2014, the city had 310 days with good air quality, the best ever for 20 years. Xinjiang has piloted environmental protection in some lakes with good water quality, such as Bosten Lake, Sayram Lake, Ulungur Lake and Kanas Lake. In order to safeguard drinking water, it has made great efforts to protect 367 centralized drinking-water source areas, and comprehensively improved the habitat of 1,836 villages. Xinjiang encourages ecological progress through examples. It has built up two national model cities for environmental protection, 43 national-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages, and 1,057 autonomous region-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages. |
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