《中国的核应急》白皮书
White Paper: China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
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| 七、核应急科技创新 | VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中国制定国家核应急工作规划，明确核应急领域科技创新目标要求、体制机制、人才建设、主要任务、保障措施等，取得一批科技创新成果，部分成果达到国际先进水平。 | China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level. |
| 核事故后果评价与决策支持系统开发。坚持技术引进与自主创新相结合，中国有关院校和科研院所，在事故源项估算、风场诊断与预报、气载放射性扩散、水体放射性扩散、核辐射医学应急分类及救援、放射性剂量估算等技术领域取得成果，为国家核应急决策提供了技术支持。 | Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核应急基础技术研究。开展“华龙一号”反应堆、AP1000反应堆（美国先进压水堆）、EPR反应堆（欧洲压水堆）、高温气冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核电技术反应堆核应急技术与管理研究。针对多机组同时出现共模事故、内陆核电站严重事故源项分析、跨地区核应急准备、核燃料循环设施应急准备、核与辐射恐怖袭击事件应急处置等重大课题，持续开展研究，取得一批成果，促进了中国核应急基础技术水平的整体增强。 | Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核应急专用装备研发。重点推进核应急辐射监测、辐射防护、医学救援、去污洗消等装备研发和系统集成。自主研制车（船）载巡测设备、航空辐射监测系统、辐射监测与事故响应机器人等装备设备，以及车（船）载核应急指挥系统、核应急医学分类及监测平台、医疗支援系统等，并已装备各级核应急救援队。中国海关使用的门户式辐射探测设备全部由国内企业自主研发制造。 | Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises. |
| 核应急信息化技术研究。开展核应急数据采集和传输标准化研究，建立健全全国核应急资源管理系统。研发核应急指挥信息化系统，创新核应急预案模块化、响应流程智能化、组织指挥可视化、辅助决策科学化等技术，实现日常管理与应急响应一体化，提高了核应急响应能力和组织指挥效率。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency. |
| 核应急医疗救治技术研究。开展急性放射损伤诊治等技术研究，制定急性放射损伤诊断与治疗方案和救治指南。开展核辐射突发事件医学应急关键技术研究及其推广应用研究，研制适用于广大人群的核辐射事故生物剂量快速估算方法，优化重度、极重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干细胞、间充质干细胞（MSC）联合移植救治模式，在放射病治疗中实现多项突破，以最大程度减少核辐射事故引起的人员伤亡。持续开展系统的间充质干细胞治疗核辐射损伤的基础与临床研究，创建了MSC联合造血干细胞治疗重度放射病的治疗新方案，其研究成果“成体干细胞救治放射损伤新技术的建立与应用”项目获得该领域首个国家科技进步一等奖。军队医疗机构研究创建了“三级处置、四级救治”体系化核应急医学应急救援能力建设模式。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement "Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells" won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A "three-level handling and four-level treatment" systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations. |
| 公众风险沟通和心理援助研究。开展核突发事件（事故）情况下大范围公众群体危机心理援助技术研究，构建相关心理干预模型，提出应对预案、标准和实施指南。针对核辐射特点，研究编制核事故公众防护问与答、核与辐射事故医学应急等面向社会公众的应用丛书。 | Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled. |
| 核应急环境气象创新性研究。持续研发并建设完善中国气象环境应急响应数值预报业务系统。通过技术引进和自主研发，改进升级核及危险化学品泄漏气象服务系统，完成大气扩散模式的精细化改进，全球模式分辨率由原来的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度区域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，实现了对污染物扩散更加精细化模拟和预报。 | Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion. |
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