2015年美国侵犯人权事记（全文）
Full text: Chronology of Human Rights Violations of the United States in 2015

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十一月	NOVEMBER
3日《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，6岁的杰里米·马蒂斯在拉斯维加斯马克斯维尔被警察开枪打死。	Nov. 3 The Washington Post website reported that Jeremy Mardis, an unarmed 6-year-old male, was shot by police in Marksville, Las Vegas.
同日，美国经济政策研究所发布的第三季度失业数据调查显示，非洲裔美国人的失业率长期是白人的大约2倍。差距最大的是哥伦比亚特区，其非洲裔失业率比白人高出5.7倍。	A study released by the Economic Policy Institute on the same day found that in the third quarter of 2015, African American unemployment in the United States is about double the white unemployment rate. The largest racial gap was in the District of Columbia, where African American joblessness is 5.7 times more than whites.
10日《今日美国》网站报道，美国快餐店工人当日同时在数百个城市罢工并上街示威游行，要求每小时15美元的最低工资。	Nov. 10 The USA Today website reported that fast food workers in the United States walked off the job in hundreds of cities on Nov. 10, staging strikes aimed at a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars.
11日美国有线电视新闻网报道，一位共和党总统竞选人被问到如何将1100万非法移民从美国消除时，说他将组建一只“驱逐部队”以消除1100万移民，他还主张取消公民因出生在美国而具有美国国籍的公民权利。	Nov. 11 The CNN website reported that a Republican presidential candidate said he would build a "deportation force" to remove 11 million undocumented immigrants from the country. He has also proposed ending birthright citizenship.
同日，皮尤慈善信托组织网站报道，自9月以来，洛杉矶、西雅图、俄勒冈州的波特兰以及夏威夷州先后宣布紧急状态来缓解日益恶化的无家可归危机。洛杉矶约有25000名无家可归者。	On the same day, the Pew Charitable Trusts website reported that since September, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and the state of Hawaii had all declared states of emergency to tackle a worsening homeless crisis. Los Angeles had about 25,000 homeless people.
12日《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，美国疾病控制和预防中心11月12日发布的报告显示,美国新生儿患有梅毒的比率2012年至2014年增长了38%。2014年每100000个出生的婴儿中有11.6例患有梅毒。	Nov. 12 The Washington Post website said that a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that rate of newborns with syphilis jumped 38 percent between 2012 and 2014. The disease was found in 11.6 of every 100,000 births in 2014.
15日美国有线电视新闻网报道，非洲裔美国人贾马尔·克拉克当日凌晨被警察射杀。目击者称克拉克当时已被戴上手铐，一名警察将膝盖顶在他的背上，另一名警察则骑着他使他动弹不得，没有看到他反抗。	Nov. 15 According to a report on the CNN website, African-American Jamar Clark was shot dead by police early morning. According to witnesses, Clark was handcuffed when one of the cops had his knee in his back and the other cop was straddling him. It is said that Clark was unable to move and he didn't resist.
16日美国联邦调查局发布《2014年仇恨犯罪统计》，2014年共发生仇恨犯罪事件5479件和仇恨违法案件6418件。在5462件单一偏见犯罪事件中涉及6681名受害者，其中48.3%的受害者受到攻击是由于犯罪者的种族偏见，17.1%的受害者受到攻击是由于犯罪者的宗教信仰偏见。	Nov. 16 According to an FBI' s report on 2014 hate crime statistics, the country reported 5,479 hate crime incidents involving 6,418 offenses. There were 5,462 single-bias incidents involving 6,681 victims. A percent distribution of victims by bias type showed that 48.3 percent were targeted because of the offenders' racial bias, and 17.1 percent were targeted because of the offenders' religious bias.
17日《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，截至2015年11月17日上午，美国27个州长都表示反对让来自叙利亚的难民安置在他们的州。一些共和党议员和总统候选人甚至呼吁出台禁止叙利亚穆斯林难民进入美国的禁令。	Nov. 17 The Washington Post website reported that, as of the morning of November 17, the governors of 27 states have said that they are opposed to letting Syrian refugees resettle in their states. Some Republican Party lawmakers and presidential contenders have even called for a ban on letting any Syrian Muslim refugees into the United States.
同日，美国公共宗教研究所发布的调查结果显示，63%的被调查者认为非洲裔在美国面临很大的歧视，56%的被调查者认为拉美裔在美国面临很大的歧视，70%的被调查者认为美国存在许多对穆斯林的歧视，45%的被调查者认为美国存在许多对妇女的歧视。	On the same day, a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute revealed that 63 percent of respondents say blacks face a lot of discrimination in the United States, and 56 percent say Hispanics face a lot of discrimination in the country. Also, 70 percent of Americans say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims and 45 percent say there is a lot of discrimination against women.
18日《美国新闻与世界报道》网站报道，研究人员发现，18%的学生在进入大学校园之前在丧失行动能力的情况下被强奸过，其中41%的年轻女学生在大学一年级期间在丧失行动能力情况下被再次强奸过。美国疾病控制和防治中心的数据显示，五分之一的女性曾被强奸，其中很大一部分是被熟人强奸。	Nov. 18 The U.S. News and World Report website reported that researchers found 18 percent of students said they'd been raped while incapacitated before college, and 41 percent of those young women were raped again while incapacitated during their freshman year. The U.S. CDC revealed that one in five women have been raped in their lifetimes, and a majority of victims personally knew their perpetrators.
19日《今日美国》网站报道，约2000名机场工作人员从11月18日晚到19日在美国7个主要机场进行罢工，以抗议过低的工资水平，要求每小时15美元的最低工资。	Nov. 19 The USA Today website reported that about 2,000 airport workers struck overnight from Nov. 18 to Nov. 19 at seven major airports in the United States to protest low wages, demanding a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars.
同日，英国《卫报》网站报道，一位共和党美国总统候选人接受采访时表示，不排除利用数据库跟踪美国的穆斯林，或发给他们标注了其宗教信仰的特殊身份证件。他还表示将考虑对穆斯林进行无证搜查，并增加对清真寺的监控。	On the same day, the Guardian website reported that a Republican presidential candidate said that he would consider warrantless searches of Muslims and increased surveillance of mosques, and that he would not rule out tracking Muslim Americans in a database or giving them a special form of identification that noted their religion.
23日《芝加哥论坛报》报道，美国移民法院处理案件效率低下。芝加哥移民法院目前积压案件已达1.7万件，有关案件普遍已经候审长达2年半，一些案件要到2020年才能开始听证。在这些案件中，大约600件是儿童移民案，久拖不决给当事儿童及其家庭带来巨大痛苦。	Nov. 23 The Chicago Tribune reported that nearly 17,000 immigration cases are pending in Chicago' s immigration court. The typical case here is already two and a half years old and, on average. So clogged is the Chicago court that some cases aren' t being scheduled for hearings until 2020. Among these cases, about 600 cases of children immigration are still pending, leaving families in limbo.
24日美国有线电视新闻网报道，被控射杀17岁非洲裔男孩麦克唐纳的芝加哥警察曾遭受20项投诉，却从来没有受到过处分。人们对2014年10月枪杀事件发生以来13个月才起诉该警官表示愤怒，在芝加哥市的大街上举行示威抗议，要求为麦克唐纳之死伸张正义。	Nov. 24 The CNN website reported that a Chicago police officer, who was charged in African-American Laquan MacDonald' s shooting death, had a history of 20 complaints before he gunned down the 17-year-old, but none resulted in discipline. Outraged that it took as long as 13 months to charge the police officer in MacDonald' s death, demonstrators took to the street to demand justice in his death.
26日英国《卫报》网站报道，政府数据显示，2008年至2014年，美国每年至少有4810万人均衡饮食无法得到保障，其中包括19.2%有孩子的家庭。	Nov. 26 According a report published on the Guardian website, government statistics suggested that between 2008 and 2014 at least 48.1 million people a year, including 19.2 percent of all households with children, could not always afford to eat balanced meals.
30日《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，当日公布的一份文件披露的所谓“国家安全密函”的细节显示，美国联邦调查局强迫互联网公司向其提供用户信息，包括全部的网络浏览历史。联邦调查局利用这种密函来进行电子监控而无须经过法庭批准。	Nov. 30 The Washington Post website reported that a court filing released on Nov. 30 disclosed details of so-called national security letters, which showed that the FBI used special authority to compel Internet firms to hand over user information, including full browsing histories. These letters are used by the FBI to conduct electronic surveillance without the need for court approval.
十二月	DECEMBER
1日英国《卫报》网站报道，自2002年以来，现年37岁的穆斯塔·法阿齐兹·沙米里便在未经审判的情况下被美国无限期关押在关塔那摩监狱，长达13年。	Dec. 1 According to the Guardian website, 37-year-old Mustafa al-Aziz al-Shamiri had been held without charge indefinitely at Guantanamo since 2002 for 13 years.
2日《今日美国》网站报道，两名枪手当日冲进位于圣贝纳迪诺的一所社会服务机构，向参加一个假日聚会的人们开火，造成14人死亡和17人受伤。	Dec. 2 The USA Today website reported that two gunmen opened fire on a festive staff holiday party at a social services center in San Bernardino on this day, killing 14 and injuring 17 others.
10日皮尤中心发布最新研究报告指出，由于收入增长缓慢或停滞，美国的中产阶级逐渐萎缩，在总人口中所占比例由1971年的61%下降到目前的49.9%。这是美国中产阶级人口比例首次低于50%。	Dec. 10 A new Pew Research Center analysis revealed that the American middle class is shrinking due to slow income growth, and the middle class made up 49.9 percent of the U.S. adult population in 2015, down from 61 percent in 1971. This is the first time for the proportion to drop below 50 percent.
11日《今日美国》网站报道，俄克拉荷马州前警官丹尼尔·霍茨克劳被认定在自己巡逻的一个低收入社区性侵女性。他被判与8名受害女性有关的18项罪名，其中有4项一级强奸罪，这8名女性都是非洲裔。调查显示，在6年的时间里约1000名警官由于性犯罪或其他不正当的性行为而失去警官执业资格。	Dec. 11 An article at the USA Today website reported that Daniel Holtzclaw, a former Oklahoma City police officer, was convicted of sexually assaulting women he preyed upon in a low-income neighborhood he patrolled. He was convicted of 18 counts -- four charges of first-degree rape and 14 other counts -- connected to eight women, all of whom were black. A probe revealed about 1,000 officers had lost their licenses for sex crimes or other sexual misconduct in a six-year period.
同日，联合国在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题专家组结束对美国为期10天的访问时指出，美国政府在2010年和2015年两次接受联合国人权理事会普遍定期审议时均承诺批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，但这一承诺至今尚未兑现。美国在保障妇女权利方面落后于国际人权标准。	At the end of a 10-day mission to the United States, a UN Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice noted that in 2010 and 2015, in the framework of its Universal Periodic Review, the U.S. government committed to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women but this commitment has not yet been implemented. In the United States, women fall behind international standards as regards their right protections.
12日英国广播公司网站报道，对美国5个城市的研究显示，人们在申请住房时会因其姓名而受到歧视。名字听起来像非洲裔美国人的申请者申请住房时得到的回应比名字听起来像白人的申请者少16%。	Dec. 12 The BBC website reported that a survey of more than 6,000 hosts in five U.S. cities concluded that names that sounded African-American were about 16 percent less likely to get a positive response to a request for a room when compared against white-sounding names like Brad or Kristen.
13日《迈阿密先驱报》网站报道，美国最大的女子监狱罗维尔监狱充斥着腐败及性丑闻。女囚们投诉称，2011年到2015年5月，针对她们的性侵在浴室、壁橱、洗衣室和狱警办公室均有发生。	Dec. 13 The website of the Miami Herald reported that Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation' s largest women' s prison, was haunted by corruption and sex scandals. Women alleged in complaints, filed between 2011 and May 2015, that the officers pressure inmates to have sex which happens in bathrooms, closets, the laundry and officers' stations.
15日《基督教科学箴言报》网站报道，美国总统在2007年便承诺要关闭关塔那摩监狱，但直到2015年12月15日，该监狱仍有107名在押嫌疑人。联合国指出，在不经公诉和审判的前提下无限期关押嫌疑人违反国际法，呼吁美国关闭这所监狱。	Dec. 15 According to the website of Christian Science Monitor, the U.S. president first promised to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2007. But until December 15, 2015, 107 prisoners still remained in custody. The UN said indefinite imprisonment of detainees without charge or trial violated international law, calling on the United States to close the military prison camp.
16日《迈阿密先驱报》网站发表文章，披露了狱警帕特里克·奎尔西奥里在罗维尔女子监狱中的腐败和暴行。虽然奎尔西奥里曾被逮捕过两次，但佛罗里达监狱系统2004年仍然雇佣了他。他被囚犯们称为罗维尔监狱中最危险的狱警之一。在过去10年中，已经有57名囚犯死在了罗维尔监狱，这个数字并不包括被送往医院的囚犯。	Dec. 16 A report carried by the website of the Miami Herald disclosed corruption and brutality of Patrick Quercioli, a corrections officer at Lowell Correctional Institution for women. Though he' d been arrested twice, Quercioli managed to persuade the Florida Department of Corrections to hire him in 2004. He was known among prisoners as one of the most menacing officers at the correctional institution. In the past 10 years 57 inmates died in the prison, not accounting those who make it to hospital.
同日，《华尔街日报》与美国全国广播公司联合调查显示，美国的种族关系正处于20年来最糟的时期。2015年12月，只有34%的美国人认为种族关系足够好或非常好，比2009年下降了43个百分点。	On the same day, a Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll in December 2015 showed that only 34 percent of Americans believe race relations in the United States were fairly good or very good, down 43 percentage points from 2009.
同日，“空中战争跟踪组织”网站报道，2014年8月8日至2015年12月16日，伊拉克和叙利亚有757名至1073名平民在123件空袭事件中被美国主导的联军杀害。	On the same day, Airwars reported on its website that between August 8, 2014 and December 16, 2015, 123 air strikes launched by U.S.-led coalition forces caused a number of civilian deaths between 757 and 1,073.
17日美国“拦截”网站报道，美国情报机构使用技术手段长期大规模监听普通民众。“黄貂鱼”“垃圾盒”等一系列程序都可以被美国国家安全局或中央情报局用于监听手机和短信，甚至可以提取手机内媒体文件、地址簿及被删除的短信。	Dec. 17 According to the intercept.com, intelligence agencies in the United States resort to high technology to spy on civilians. A dozens of cellphone surveillance devices such as Stingray and "dirt boxes" were used by intelligence agencies, such as the NSA and the CIA, to eavesdrop on calls and spying on SMS messages. Two systems are touted as having the ability to extract media files, address books and retrieve deleted text messages.
18日美国疾病控制和防治中心发布的报告显示，美国因药物服用过量（主要是止痛药和海洛因）致死人数再创新高。2014年超过47000人死于药物服用过量，比2013年增加了约6%。	Dec. 18 Drug (mostly prescription painkillers and heroin) overdose deaths hit record numbers, according to a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than 47,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2014, an increase of 6 percent from 2013.
24日俄罗斯卫星新闻网报道，美国国防部前雇员、导弹技术专家西奥多·波斯托尔接受采访时表示，平民至今仍是美国核力量的潜在打击目标。他说：“事实是，平民从一开始，并且至今都是我们的目标。”	Dec. 24 According to sputniknews.com, former Pentagon official and missile expert Theodore Postol said the targeting of civilian populations for annihilation by U.S. nuclear forces in the 1950s continues to this day. "The fact of the matter is that we have targeted populations from the very beginning and do so to this day," he said.
27日《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，一名芝加哥警察12月26日在处置一场家庭纠纷报警时反应过度，射杀了19岁的勒格利尔及其55岁的邻居贝蒂·琼斯。	Dec. 27 The Washington Post website reported that 55-year-old black woman Bettie Jones and her 19-year-old neighbor Quintonio LeGrier were "accidentally" shot dead on December 26 by a police officer in an apartment in Chicago when he was responding to a report of a domestic disturbance.
28日美国“枪支暴力档案”网站发布《2015年枪支暴力伤亡人数》，2015年美国共发生枪支暴力事件51675起，其中大规模枪击事件329起；共造成13136人死亡，26493人受伤，其中0岁至11岁的儿童伤亡682人，12岁至17岁的少年伤亡2640人。	Dec. 28 According to a toll report by the website of the Gun Violence Archive, there were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States in 2015, including 329 mass shootings. Altogether 13,136 were killed and 26,493 injured, including 682 children aged zero to 11 and 2,640 teens aged 12 to 17.
31日据《华盛顿邮报》网站统计，美国警察2015年共射杀990人。按照月份统计，美国警察2015年1月射杀76人，2月射杀77人，3月射杀92人，4月射杀84人，5月射杀71人，6月射杀65人，7月射杀104人，8月射杀94人，9月射杀80人，10月射杀82人，11月射杀76人，12月射杀89人。	Dec. 31 According to data posted on the Washington Post website, 990 people were fatally shot by police in the United States in 2015. On a monthly basis, police shot dead 76 people in January, 77 in February, 92 in March, 84 in April, 71 in May, 65 in June, 104 in July, 94 in August, 80 in September, 82 in October, 76 in November and 89 in December.