《国家人权行动计划（2012-2015年）》实施评估报告
Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human
Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015)
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调整字号大小: 
| 二、经济、社会和文化权利 | II. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
| 2012－2015年，国家不断深化改革，采取一系列既利发展又惠民生的重大措施，人民的经济、社会和文化权利保障得到全面加强，《行动计划》规定的主要目标任务如期完成。 | From 2012 to 2015, China continued to deepen reform and adopted a series of important measures to promote development and improve people's livelihoods, comprehensively strengthening the guarantee of people's economic, social and cultural rights. Major targets set by the Action Plan were fulfilled on schedule. |
| （一）工作权利 | (1) Right to work |
| Figure 1: New urban jobs 2012-2015 (Unit: Ten thousand) |
| 平等就业权利得到保障。2012年、2013年、2014年、2015年，城镇新增就业人数分别为1266万人、1310万人、1322万人、1312万人，超过年均新增就业900万人的计划预期目标。城镇登记失业率保持在4.1%以内，低于计划5%的控制目标。 | Equal rights to employment have been guaranteed. In 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, 12.66 million, 13.1 million, 13.22 million and 13.12 million new urban jobs were created respectively, surpassing the target of 9 million new jobs every year. The registered urban unemployment rate was kept within 4.1 percent, lower than the 5 percent target. |
| Figure 2: Number of regions that increased minimum wages and average rate of increase (2012-2015) |
| 获得劳动报酬和休息休假的权利得到进一步保障。2012－2015年，分别有25个、27个、19个、27个地区调整了最低工资标准，平均增幅分别为20.1%、17.0%、14.1%、14.9%。2012年，全国人大常委会修改劳动合同法，继续强调同工同酬。2015年，全国各类企业劳动合同签订率90%以上。2015年11月开展的部分城市（60个城市）人力资源社会保障基本情况调查显示，已有超过50%的职工当年享受了带薪年休假。 | The right to get work remuneration as well as rest and leave has been further guaranteed. In 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, minimum wages were raised in 25, 27, 19 and 27 regions respectively by 20.1 percent, 17 percent, 14.1 percent and 14.9 percent. In 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People' s Congress amended the Labor Contract Law, again stressing equal pay for equal work. In 2015, more than 90 percent of employees working in various enterprises signed labor contracts. More than 50 percent of workers enjoyed annual leave with pay in 2015, according to a survey on human resources and social security conducted in 60 cities in November 2015. |
| 安全生产条件不断改善。国家安全生产监督管理总局发布《关于进一步加强国家安全生产应急平台体系建设的意见》，国家和20个省（区、市）、部分市、重点县及高危行业大型企业分别建立安全生产应急平台，实现国家平台与13个省级应急平台、7支国家矿山应急救援队应急平台的互联互通。与2011年相比，2015年全国各类事故起数和死亡人数分别下降19%和12.4%，重特大事故起数和死亡人数分别下降47.2%和31%。2013年，全国人大常委会审议通过特种设备安全法。2011－2015年，在特种设备数量增长70%的情况下，特种设备死亡人数连续5年控制在300人以内，万台特种设备死亡率从2010年的0.67下降到2015年的0.36，特种设备安全状况达到中等发达国家水平。有关部门修改《职业病诊断与鉴定管理办法》《职业病危害因素分类目录》，制定《工作场所职业卫生监督管理规定》等5部规章、《职业健康检查管理办法》和新增职业病诊断标准，发布《石材加工工艺防尘技术规范》等70余项职业卫生技术标准。在金矿开采、水泥制造、石材加工、木制家具制造等职业病危害严重领域开展粉尘及毒物专项治理行动。 | Work safety conditions have continued to improve. The State Administration of Work Safety issued Opinions on Further Enhancing the Construction of the System of National Work Safety Emergency Platforms. The central government, 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), some cities, major counties and large enterprises in high-risk industries set up separate work safety platforms. Communication and connectivity were established among the platforms of the central government, 13 provincial regions and 7 national mine emergency rescue teams. Compared with 2011, the number of all types of industrial accidents and the number of deaths decreased by 19 percent and 12.4 percent respectively and the number of major industrial accidents and the number of deaths decreased by 47.2 percent and 31 percent respectively. In 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress deliberated and passed the Law on Special Equipment Safety. From 2011 to 2015, while the total number of special equipment increased by 70 percent, the number of deaths related to special equipment was kept within 300 each year for five consecutive years and the death rate for every 10,000 pieces of special equipment decreased to 0.36 in 2015 from 0.67 in 2010, matching the level of special equipment safety in medium developed countries. Relevant government departments revised the Administrative Measures for Diagnosis and Identification of Occupational Diseases and the Classified List of Hazardous Factors of Occupational Diseases, formulated five regulations including the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Occupational Health at Work Sites, the Measures for the Administration of Occupational Health Examination and criteria for diagnosing new occupational diseases. They also issued over 70 occupational health technical standards including the Technical Code for Dust Control in Stone Material Processing. Special campaigns were launched to control dust and hazardous materials in industries prone to occupational diseases including gold mining, cement production, stone material processing and wood furniture making. |
| 劳动者技能得到提升。积极开展面向城乡劳动者的职业培训，截至2015年年底，全国技能劳动者总量达1.67亿人，提前并超额完成1.25亿人的计划预期目标，其中高技能人才4501万人，占技能劳动者的27.28%。 | The skills of workers have been upgraded. Rural and urban workers received extensive vocational training. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers had reached 167 million, exceeding the planned target of 125 million ahead of schedule. 45.01 million of them were highly-skilled workers, accounting for 27.28 percent of the total. |
| （二）基本生活水准权利 | (2) Right to basic living standards |
| Figure 3: Percentage of increase of GDP, urban residents' per capita disposable income and rural residents' per capita net income (2012-2015) |
| 2012－2015年，居民人均可支配收入增长速度总体上高于同期国内生产总值增长速度，城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入年均增长率分别为7.5%和9.2%，超过7%的计划预期目标。 | From 2012 to 2015, the increase of residents' per capita disposable income surpassed the growth rate of GDP of the same period. The annual growth rate of the per-capita disposal income of urban residents and per-capita net income of rural residents were 7.5 percent and 9.2 percent respectively, exceeding the planned target growth of 7 percent. |
| 扶贫开发成效显著。2012年，有关部门制定《扶贫开发整村推进“十二五”规划》。截至2015年年底，3万个规划整村推进村全面启动实施，超出2.4万个村的计划预期目标；投入资金1445.69亿元，村均投入480万元。2012－2015年，国家发展改革委安排易地扶贫搬迁中央预算内投资210亿元，带动地方财政投入和各类投资2000多亿元，累计搬迁贫困人口约800万人。针对留守务工贫困群众，重点开展以种植业、养殖业为主要内容的农村实用技术培训，共培训930万人次。国家向17个边境贫困县（市）投入各类扶贫资金255.3亿元，安排边境扶贫项目3807个，30.6万户边境居民直接受益。截至2015年，全国农村基层已有超过72.9万名科技特派员，覆盖全国90%的县（市、区），辐射带动6000万人。 | Tangible results have been achieved in poverty reduction. In 2012, relevant government departments formulated the 12th Five-year Plan for Poverty Reduction Village By Village. By 2015, poverty alleviation projects covering 30,000 villages had been implemented, exceeding the target of 24,000 villages. Investment totaled 144.569 billion yuan, an average of 4.8 million yuan for each village. From 2012 to 2015, the State Development and Reform Commission appropriated 21 billion yuan from the central budget for relocation of impoverished residents, which brought about an additional more than 200 billion yuan in local government input and various other investments. About 8 million people in poverty were relocated. Training programs in practical skills focusing on planting and breeding were conducted for 9.3 million impoverished laborers who chose to stay. The government allocated various poverty reduction funds totaling 25.53 billion yuan for 17 impoverished border counties (cities) and launched 3,807 poverty reduction projects in border areas, directly benefiting 306,000 households. By the end of 2015, over 729,000 technicians had been sent to grassroots levels in rural areas, covering 90 percent of all counties (cities, districts) and helping 60 million people directly or indirectly. |
| Figure 4: Rural population in poverty 2012-2015(Unit: ten thousand) |
| 贫困人口大幅减少。2012－2015年，农村贫困人口减少6663万人。2015年，国家扶贫标准按2010年价格的2300元动态调整为2855元，部分省的扶贫标准高于国家标准。 | The number of people living in poverty has been greatly reduced. From 2012 to 2015, the number of people living in poverty in rural areas was reduced by 66.63 million. In 2015, the state raised the national poverty alleviation standard from the 2010 level of 2,300 yuan to 2,855 yuan following a dynamic adjustment mechanism. The standards set by some provincial regions were higher than the national standard. |
| Figure 5: Number of housing units starting construction in various dilapidated areas 2012-2015 (Unit: ten thousand units) |
| 居住条件得到改善。2012年，住房城乡建设部颁布《公共租赁住房管理办法》。2014年，公共租赁住房和廉租住房并轨运行。2012－2015年，国家安排7700多亿元支持城镇保障性安居工程，新开工2970万套，基本建成2428万套。中央安排全国农村危房改造补助资金1271亿元，支持改造农村危房1524万户，超过计划预期目标2倍以上。 | Housing conditions have been improved. In 2012, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Measures for the Administration of Public Rental Housing. In 2014, the public rental housing system and the low-cost rental housing system merged into one. From 2012 to 2015, the state allocated 770 billion yuan to support affordable housing projects, with 29.7 million housing units starting construction and with 24.28 million units basically completed. The central government provided a subsidy of 127.1 billion yuan for redevelopment of dilapidated buildings in rural areas nationwide, with 15.24 million housing units redeveloped, exceeding the planned target by more than 200 percent. |
| （三）社会保障权利 | (3) Right to social security |
| 社会保险制度体系进一步健全。人力资源社会保障部发布《社会保险费申报缴纳管理规定》《工伤职工劳动能力鉴定管理办法》等规章。2014年，城镇居民社会养老保险制度与新型农村社会养老保险制度合并实施，建立起全国统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度。截至2015年年底，全国养老保险参保人数达8.58亿人，其中城乡居民基本养老保险参保人数达5.05亿人，职工基本养老保险参保人数达3.53亿人，超额完成计划预期目标。全国31个省（区、市）建立了职工基本养老保险省级统筹制度。企业退休人员基本养老金连续5年按10%左右的比例上调，月人均基本养老金水平自2010年的1362元提高到2015年的2240多元。 | The social security system has been further improved. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security issued regulations including the Provisions on the Administration of Declaration and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums and the Administrative Measure for Assessing the Work Capacity of Employees Sustaining Work-Related Injuries. In 2014, the old-age insurance system for urban residents and the new rural old-age insurance system were unified and implemented, creating a unified national basic old-age insurance system for both urban and rural residents. By the end of 2015, the number of people underwriting the old-age insurance had reached 858 million, including 505 million for the basic old-age insurance and 353 million for the urban employees' basic pension insurance, exceeding the planned target. 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) established unified planning for employees' basic pension insurance system. Enterprise retirees' basic pensions increased by about 10 percent annually for 5 consecutive years and the per capita monthly basic pension increased to more than 2,240 yuan in 2015 from 1,362 yuan in 2010. |
| 基本医疗保险制度覆盖全民，参保率95%以上。截至2014年年底，新型农村合作医疗参合人数达到7.36亿人，参合率保持在99%，提前并超额完成计划预期目标。截至2014年年底，职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗参保人数超过13.3亿人，比2010年新增6000多万人，提前完成计划预期目标。居民医疗保险筹资水平由2010年的人均164元提高到2015年的515元，各级财政补助标准由2010年的人均120元提高到2015年的380元，超额完成计划预期目标。职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗政策范围内报销比例分别达到80%、70%、75%。新型农村合作医疗普遍建立门诊统筹制度，支付比例50%以上。 | The basic medical insurance coverage has been extended to all citizens, with the rate of participation surpassing 95 percent. By the end of 2014, the number of people subscribing to new rural cooperative medical insurance policies reached 736 million, with the rate of participation staying at 99 percent, exceeding the planned target ahead of schedule. By the end of 2014, the number of people subscribing to medical insurance for urban employees, medical insurance for urban residents and new rural cooperative medical insurance policies had exceeded 1.33 billion, an increase of over 60 million compared with that of 2010, fulfilling the planned target ahead of schedule. Per capita funding for medical insurance increased to 515 yuan in 2015, from 164 yuan in 2010, with the government grant increasing to 380 yuan for each person in 2015 from 120 yuan in 2010, exceeding the planned target. 80 percent, 70 percent and 75 percent of patients' medical treatment costs covered by urban employees' medical insurance, urban residents' medical insurance and new rural cooperative medical insurance respectively will be reimbursed. The new rural cooperative medical insurance system has generally established unified planning for outpatients to cover over 50 percent of their expenses. |
| 失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险的覆盖面不断扩大。截至2015年年底，失业保险参保人数达到1.73亿人，超额完成计划预期目标。7个省实现失业保险省级统筹，21个省和新疆生产建设兵团的全部或部分地市实现市级统筹。工伤保险参保人数达到2.14亿人。工伤保险市级统筹基本实现，10个省（区、市）出台省级统筹办法。生育保险参保人数达到1.78亿人，超额完成计划预期目标。 | Coverage of unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance continued to expand. By the end of 2015, the number of subscribers to unemployment insurance had reached 173 million, exceeding the planned target ahead of schedule. 7 provinces realized unified planning for unemployment insurance at the provincial level while all or some of the cities in 21 provinces and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps achieved unified planning at the city level. By the end of 2015, the number of subscribers to work-related injury insurance had reached 214 million. Unified planning for work-related injury insurance at the city level was basically in place while 10 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) issued measures for unified planning at the provincial level. By the end of 2015, the number of people subscribing to maternity insurance had reached 178 million, exceeding the planned target. |
| 社会救助水平逐步提高。截至2015年年底，城乡最低生活保障标准分别达到每月人均451元和264.8元，年均增幅达到10%。农村“五保”集中和分散供养年人均标准分别达到6026元和4490元，比2012年同期分别增长48.4%和49.3%。全国共实施医疗救助8406万人次，支出资金274亿元。全国92%的地区实现医疗救助 “一站式”结算。 | The level of social assistance has steadily improved. By the end of 2015, per capita monthly subsidies for subsistence in urban and rural areas had reached 451 yuan and 264.8 yuan respectively, an average annual increase of 10 percent. The per capita annual subsistence allowance for rural residents enjoying the "Five Guarantees" (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) under collective care reached 6,026 yuan while the figure for those under individual care stood at 4,490 yuan, an increase of 48.4 percent and 49.3 percent respectively compared with 2012. 84.06 million people received medical assistance nationwide, with a total expenditure of 27.4 billion yuan. The one-stop settlement model was in place for medical assistance expenses in 92 percent of all areas around the country. |
| （四）健康权利 | (4) Right to health |
| 医疗卫生保障条件进一步改善。截至2015年年底，通过转岗培训、在岗培训和规范化培训等方式培养17.3万名全科医生，超额完成计划预期目标。人均期望寿命达到76.34岁，高于计划预期标准。 | The conditions for health care and medical security have further improved. By the end of 2015, China had trained 173,000 general practitioners through job-transfer training, on-the-job training and standardized training, more than achieving its planned goal. The average life expectancy reached 76.34 years - higher than the planned standard. |
| 公共卫生服务得到更全面保障。通过并实施精神卫生法。组织实施《全国精神卫生工作体系发展指导纲要（2008年－2015年）》，全面加强精神卫生服务体系建设。在全国开展严重精神障碍患者筛查诊断、登记管理和随访服务等工作。截至2015年年底，全国在册患者492.2万例，患者管理率达到85.5%。人均公共卫生服务经费由2011年的25元提高到2015年的40元。城乡居民免费获得建立健康档案、健康教育、预防接种等多项服务。已建成全球规模最大的传染病疫情和突发公共卫生事件网络直报系统。建成慢性病综合防控示范区265个，管理高血压患者8600多万人、糖尿病患者2400多万人。构建风险评估、现场检疫查验、实验室检测、信息通报、联防联控为一体的口岸传染病防控体系。截至2014年6月，全国259个运营中的口岸全部验收达标，口岸疾病防控和应急处置能力大幅提升。 | Public health services are guaranteed in a more comprehensive way. A law on mental health has been adopted and enforced. Efforts have been made to carry out the Development Guidelines for the National Mental Health Work System (2008-2015) and strengthen the construction of a mental health service system. A nationwide program has been implemented to screen, diagnose, register and visit those who suffer from severe mental problems. By the end of 2015, 4.922 million mentally ill people had been registered around the country, accounting for 85.5 percent of all such patients. The per-capita spending for public health services was raised to 40 yuan by 2015 from 25 yuan in 2011. Urban and rural residents were entitled to such free services as establishing health records, and receiving health education and vaccination. The world's biggest direct Internet reporting system has been set up for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. A total of 265 demonstration areas have been established for the comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, managing over 86 million people suffering from high blood pressure and over 24 million diabetics. A border prevention and control system was established that integrates risk assessment, on-site quarantines, laboratory testing, information disclosure and joint prevention and control. By June 2014, a total of 259 ports of entry in operation had been evaluated and accepted, greatly raising the abilities for disease prevention and control and the handling of emergencies at ports of entry. |
| 地方病防治力度加大。实现消除碘缺乏病的目标。燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区改炉改灶率达到99.4%。基本完成饮水型地方性氟中毒、砷中毒病区饮水安全工程建设，完成地方性砷中毒病区分布调查，基本落实病区改炉改灶或改水降砷措施。针对大骨节病和克山病，实施移民搬迁、食用非病区粮食等综合防控措施，截至2014年年底，全国90%以上的病区村控制了大骨节病，96.4%的病区县控制了克山病，提前完成计划预期目标。 | The prevention of endemic diseases has been enhanced. The goal of eliminating iodine deficiency diseases has been realized. In areas with a high incidence of endemic fluorosis caused by coal burning, preventive measures have been adopted with 99.4 percent of the coal-burning furnaces and stoves modified. China has basically completed projects to provide safe drinking water and improve water quality in areas afflicted by endemic fluorosis and arseniasis which are caused mainly by unsafe drinking water. An investigation into the regional distribution of endemic arseniasis has been completed, and measures aimed at modifying furnaces and stoves or improving water quality by reducing arsenic have been basically implemented. Comprehensive prevention and control measures have been taken including the relocation of residents from areas afflicted by Kaschin-Beck and Keshan diseases and the consumption of foodstuffs from non-endemic areas. By the end of 2014, over 90 percent of the villages afflicted by Kaschin-Beck disease had brought the disease under control, and 96.4 percent of the counties where Keshan disease remained an endemic had also brought it under control, achieving the planned goals in advance. |
| 饮用水安全得到进一步保障。截至2015年年底，饮用水卫生监测覆盖范围扩大至所有城区和60%的乡镇。2011－2015年，全面解决2.98亿农村居民和4133万农村学校师生饮水安全问题，同步解决青海、四川、甘肃、云南四省藏区等特殊困难地区566万农村人口的饮水安全问题，农村集中式供水人口比例由2010年的58%提高到2015年的82%，农村自来水普及率达到76%，均超额完成计划预期目标。 | The safety of drinking water has been further ensured. By the end of 2015, China had expanded a monitoring network for the safety of drinking water, and extended its coverage to all urban districts and over 60 percent of townships. Between 2011 and 2015, as many as 298 million rural residents and 41.33 million rural teachers and students had access to safe drinking water, and meanwhile, efforts were made to make safe drinking water accessible to 5.66 million rural people in particularly difficult areas including ethnic Tibetan areas in the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan. The proportion of the rural population with access to centralized water supply was raised from 58 percent in 2010 to 82 percent in 2015, with tap water available to 76 percent of rural areas. All the progress made exceeded the planned goals. |
| 食品药品安全的保障措施得到加强。2013年组建国家食品药品监督管理总局。2015年，全国人大常委会修改食品安全法，有关部门配套制定《食品经营许可管理办法》《食用农产品市场销售质量安全监督管理办法》《食品召回管理办法》等多项部门规章。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院发布《关于办理危害食品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》《关于审理食品药品纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》。清理近5000项各类食品标准，发布683项食品安全国家标准。 | Food and drug safety measures have been enhanced. The China Food and Drug Administration was established in 2013. In 2015, the NPC Standing Committee amended the country's food safety law, and the departments concerned laid down a series of departmental regulations including the Provisions for the Administration of Food Business Licensing, the Provisions for the Administration of Quality and Safety Monitoring for the Sale of Edible Agricultural Products and the Administrative Procedures for Food Recalls. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate promulgated the Explanations on a Certain Number of Issues Relating to the Application of Laws to Criminal Cases Harming Food Safety and the Provisions on a Certain Number of Issues Relating to the Application of Laws on Cases of Disputes over Food and Drugs. Nearly 5,000 criteria for various kinds of foodstuffs were reviewed and 683 state criteria for food safety were promulgated. |
| 全国人大常委会授权国务院在部分地方开展药品上市许可持有人制度试点。国务院修改《医疗器械监督管理条例》，国家食品药品监督管理总局审核发布《医疗器械生产监督管理办法》《医疗器械经营监督管理办法》《药品经营质量管理规范》《药品医疗器械飞行检查管理办法》等一系列规章。实施国家药品医疗器械标准提高行动计划，共完成药品标准4368个、医疗器械标准562项。2011－2015年，共查处药品违法案件72万余件，侦破药品犯罪案件3.6万起。 | The NPC Standing Committee authorized the State Council to launch pilot schemes in certain regions aiming to establish a system of permit-holders for the sale of pharmaceuticals. The State Council also revised the Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices. The China Food and Drug Administration has reviewed and issued a series of regulations including the Provisions for the Supervision and Management of Medical Device Production, the Provisions for the Supervision and Management of Medical Device Operation, the Regulations on the Quality of Operation of Pharmaceutical Products and the Provisions for the Flight Check of Pharmaceutical Products and Medical Devices. An action plan was carried out to raise the national standards for drugs and medical devices, which led to the formulation of 4,368 criteria for pharmaceuticals and 562 criteria for medical devices. From 2011 to 2015, more than 720,000 cases in violation of drug administration provisions were handled. About 36,000 criminal cases involving pharmaceuticals were resolved. |
| 全民健身公共体育设施得到改善。《全民健身计划（2011－2015年）》全面推进落实，全国各类体育场地达到169万余个，人均体育场地面积达到1.57平方米，均超额完成计划预期目标。截至2014年年底，50%以上的市（地）、县（区）有全民健身活动中心，50%以上的街道（乡镇）、城市社区、农村行政村有体育健身设施，均提前完成计划预期目标。 | Public sports facilities for national fitness have been improved. The National Fitness Program (2011-2015) has been carried out in full. The number of sports venues of various kinds exceeded 1.69 million, with a per-capita sports area reaching 1.57 square meters, which is bigger than the target size. By the end of 2014, national fitness centers had been built in over 50 percent of the country's cities and counties (districts); practical fitness equipment had been installed in over 50 percent of neighborhoods (townships), urban communities and rural administrative villages. Both goals were achieved ahead of schedule. |
| （五）受教育权利 | (5) Right to education |
| Figure 6: The Growth of Enrollment Rate at the Various Stages of Basic Education between 2012 and 2015 |
| 《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010－2020年)》稳步落实。2015年，全国人大常委会修改并发布教育法和高等教育法。2015年，小学学龄儿童净入学率为99.88%，初中毛入学率为104%，九年义务教育巩固率为93%。 | The Outline of the State Medium- and Long-term Program on Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) has been steadily implemented. In 2015, the NPC Standing Committee amended and promulgated the Education Law and the Higher Education Law. During the year, the net enrollment rate in primary schools was 99.88 percent, gross enrollment rate in junior high schools reached 104 percent, and 93 percent of the students enrolled eventually completed their nine-year compulsory education. |
| 学前教育进一步发展。实施第一期、第二期学前教育三年行动计划。2012－2015年，中央财政共安排学前教育发展专项资金621亿元，重点支持中西部农村地区加快构建县、乡、村学前教育服务网络，并对各地资助家庭经济困难幼儿、孤儿和残疾儿童入园进行奖补。2015年，全国共有幼儿园22.37万所，在园幼儿4264.83万人，学前三年毛入园率达75%，提前实现65%的计划预期目标。 | Pre-school education has been further developed. A 3-year action plan was implemented for the first and second stage pre-school education. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 62.1 billion yuan for pre-school education development mainly in rural areas of central and western China to accelerate the construction of pre-school education networks in counties, townships and villages, and award and subsidize local governments in helping preschoolers, orphans and disabled children of poverty-stricken families enroll in kindergartens. In 2015, there were 223,700 kindergartens throughout the country serving 42.6483 million children. As a result, 75 percent of the children who would be starting school in three years were enrolled in kindergartens. The planned goal of having 65 percent of such children enrolled in kindergartens was achieved ahead of schedule. |
| 进城务工人员随迁子女平等受教育权得到保障。2012－2015年，中央财政累计投入资金346亿元，近90%的进城务工人员随迁子女得到政府财政保障。对符合当地政府规定接收条件的进城务工人员随迁子女，在公办学校就读的，免除学杂费，不收借读费。2015年，全国义务教育阶段在校生中进城务工人员随迁子女为1367.10万人，80%在公办学校就读，各地还通过政府购买服务等形式积极安排进城务工人员随迁子女在普惠性民办学校就读。截至2015年年底，已有29个省（区、市）开始解决随迁子女在当地高考问题，共有近8万名符合条件的进城务工人员随迁子女在当地参加高考。 | An equal right to education for relocated children of migrant workers has been safeguarded. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 34.6 billion yuan cumulatively to enable nearly 90 percent of relocated children of migrant workers in cities to obtain government financial support. For children of those migrant workers who meet the conditions of the local governments receiving them, tuition fees for public schools in cities they migrate to and additional charges for transient schooling were abolished. In 2015, there were 13.671 million children eligible for compulsory education who had relocated with their migrant worker parents to cities. 80 percent of them studied at public schools. Various local governments also actively arranged for these children to study at inclusive non-government funded schools through service purchase and other means. By the end of 2015, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had begun to make their college entrance exams open to the children of migrant workers from other regions. Altogether, nearly 80,000 children of migrant workers took the college entrance exams in cities they had migrated to. |
| 贫困地区的办学条件得到改善。2012－2015年，中央财政累计投入资金1020亿元改造义务教育薄弱学校。2014年11月，有关部门联合印发《关于统一城乡中小学教职工编制标准的通知》，将县镇、农村中小学教职工编制标准统一到城市标准，并向农村边远贫困地区倾斜。2012－2015年，中央投资140.4亿元，建设边远艰苦地区农村学校教师周转宿舍24.4万套，可入住教师30万人。2013－2015年，中央财政累计投入资金43.92亿元（包括新疆生产建设兵团），支持连片特困地区对乡村教师发放生活补助，受益教师100多万人。 | The conditions for running schools in poverty-stricken regions have improved. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 102 billion yuan cumulatively to support schools deficient in compulsory education. In November 2014, the government departments concerned jointly issued a circular on unifying the standards of staffing in urban and rural primary and secondary schools, which made the standards of staffing for primary and secondary schools in rural counties and townships accord with those of their counterparts in cities, with a preferential treatment given to remote and poor regions. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government invested 14.04 billion yuan in constructing 244,000 dormitory rooms for rural teachers, which could accommodate 300,000 teachers. Between 2013 and 2015, the central government (as well as Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) appropriated 4.392 billion yuan cumulatively for living subsidies for rural teachers in contiguous areas of extreme poverty, benefiting more than 1 million people. |
| 中西部地区教育快速发展。中央安排100亿元支持24个中西部省区（包括新疆生产建设兵团）100所左右地方高校基础能力建设。安排56亿元支持没有教育部所属高校的13个省（区）和新疆生产建设兵团各建设1所地方高水平大学。实施“对口支援中西部地区招生协作计划”，教育资源充裕的地区将部分招生指标投向中西部录取率较低地区和人口大省；2012－2015年，协作计划共落实招生指标75.5万人，高考录取率的省际差距逐年缩小。 | The development of education in central and western regions has accelerated. The central government allocated 10 billion yuan to support the enhancement of basic capabilities for about 100 local colleges in 24 provinces and autonomous regions of central and western China (including the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps). Another 5.6 billion yuan was set aside to support the establishment of one local institution of higher learning in each of the 13 provinces and autonomous regions and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps where there was not a single college affiliated to the Ministry of Education. Efforts were made to implement a collaborative plan to pair-up support for college enrollment in central and western regions. In this way, regions with rich education resources shifted part of their enrollment quota to central and western regions where the enrollment rate was low, and also to densely populated provinces. Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 755,000 students were enrolled into colleges through quota reallocation under the collaborative plan. The provincial gap in college enrollment has narrowed year on year. |
| 高中和职业教育条件不断改善。2012－2015年，中央财政共安排中西部地区普通高中改善办学条件补助资金120亿元，支持中西部集中连片特困地区1542所学校改善办学条件，共惠及600多万名在校学生。中央与地方共同安排资金设立普通高中国家助学金，年生均1500元，自2015年春季学期起提高到2000元。 | The education conditions in senior high schools and vocational schools have improved steadily. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 12 billion yuan as subsidies for standard senior high schools in central and western China and 1,542 schools in contiguous areas of extreme poverty to improve the conditions for running schools, benefiting more than 6 million students at school. The central and local governments have jointly allocated funds to establish state grants for standard senior high schools, which averaged 1,500 yuan for each recipient annually and increased to 2,000 yuan at the start of the spring term in 2015. |
| 2012年和2013年，中央财政每年安排专项资金14亿元，支持建设1500个职业教育实训基地。2012－2015年，国家发展改革委共安排专项资金170多亿元，支持1814所中职学校基础能力建设。国家投入23亿元，深入实施“职业院校教师素质提高计划”。截至2015年年底，共组织34万多名职业院校教师参加系统化培训，推动580家大中型企业参与教师培训，完成300个职业教育师资培养培训优势特色专业点建设。2012－2015年，中央财政共下达中职免学费补助资金417亿元，免除中等职业学校全日制在校生中所有农村学生和城市涉农专业、家庭经济困难学生学费。对全日制一、二年级在校涉农专业学生和非涉农专业家庭经济困难学生发放国家助学金，2013年标准为每生每年1500元，2015年起提高到每生每年2000元，覆盖近40%的学生。 | Between 2012 and 2013, the central government appropriated 1.4 billion yuan in special funds annually to support the building of 1,500 training bases for vocational education. During the 2012-2015 period, the National Development and Reform Commission arranged more than 17 billion yuan in special funds to support the enhancement of basic capabilities in 1,814 secondary vocational schools. The state also invested 2.3 billion yuan in carrying out a plan aimed at raising the quality of teachers in vocational colleges and schools. By the end of 2015, the state had arranged for more than 340,000 teachers in vocational colleges and schools to attend systematic training; succeeded in having 580 large and medium-sized enterprises participate in the training of teachers; and completed the construction of 300 sites providing specially-designed courses to train vocational teachers. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 41.7 billion yuan as subsidies for the implementation of a tuition fee waiver program in secondary vocational schools, under which the tuition fees for all rural students, urban students who major in agriculture and those poverty-stricken students at full-time secondary vocational schools were abolished. State grant scholarships were also given to first and second-year students of full-time colleges majoring in agriculture and those not majoring in agriculture, but who come from poverty-stricken families. The annual subsidy for each recipient was 1,500 yuan in 2013, which was raised to 2,000 yuan in 2015, covering nearly 40 percent of the students. |
| 普通高校家庭经济困难学生资助政策体系进一步健全。自2014年7月起，国家助学贷款标准调整为全日制本专科学生每人每年最高8000元，全日制研究生每人每年最高12000元。自2015年7月起，学生在读期间贷款利息全部由财政补贴，最长期限延长至20年。自2014年秋季学期开始执行新的全日制研究生国家助学金政策，资助标准为博士生不低于每生每年10000元，硕士生不低于每生每年6000元。 | The financial support policies in general institutions of higher learning for students from poor families have been strengthened. Since July 2014, student loans offered by the state have been adjusted to a maximum of 8,000 yuan annually for each full-time undergraduate or college student and up to 12,000 yuan annually for each full-time graduate student. Since July 2015, all interest on loans for students has been paid through financial subsidies with a maximum term extended to 20 years. Since the autumn term of 2014, a new state grant policy for full-time graduate students has been implemented, with no less than 10,000 yuan for each doctor degree candidate annually and no less than 6,000 yuan for each master degree candidate. |
| （六）文化权利 | (6) Cultural rights |
| Figure 7: The number of public cultural facilities in parts of China between 2012 and 2015 |
| 公共文化设施进一步改善。截至2015年年底，全国共建成公共图书馆3139个、文化馆3315个、文化站40976个、博物馆4692家、科技馆409个。2012－2015年，中央财政累计投入203亿元支持公共文化设施免费开放。截至2015年年底，免费开放的博物馆已达4013家。中央投资92.23亿元，基本完成对20户以下已通电自然村广播电视覆盖。文化共享工程已建成3.55万个分中心、支中心和乡镇（街道）基层服务点，以及70万个村（社区）基层服务点，资源总量达到532TB，超额完成计划预期目标。全国建成农家书屋60.0449万家，累计向农村配送图书超过10亿册，卫星数字农家书屋2.4万家。全国已建成农村数字电影院线252条，放映队5万余支，卫星电影基本覆盖全国64万个行政村，全年完成影片订购900余万场。 | Public cultural facilities have been further improved. By the end of 2015, China had built 3,139 public libraries, 3,315 cultural centers, 40,976 cultural stations, 4,692 museums and 409 science and technology museums. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government invested 20.3 billion yuan cumulatively to support the free admission to public cultural facilities. By the end of 2015, the number of museums open to the public free of charge had reached 4,013. The central government has invested 9.223 billion yuan to make sure that radio and TV broadcasts basically cover all villages with no more than 20 households each and where electricity is available. As part of a cultural information resource sharing project, China has built 35,500 service centers and sub-centers in cities and townships and service stations at the grassroots level covering 700,000 villages and communities, which are able to share digital resources amounting to 532 TB, surpassing the planned goal. China has established 600,449 farmers' libraries, and sent more than 1 billion books and periodicals to rural areas. The country has also built 24,000 satellite digital farmers' libraries and 252 rural digital movie lines, and organized more than 50,000 movie projection teams. Satellite digital movies basically covered 640,000 administrative villages with over 9 million movie screenings purchased annually. |
| Figure 8: Internet construction between 2012 and 2015 |
| 互联网建设为公民享受文化权利提供了更便捷的条件。截至2015年年底，互联网网民达到6.88亿，互联网人口普及率达到50.3%，超额完成45%的计划预期目标。固定宽带用户达到2.1亿户，互联网宽带接入端口达到4.7亿个，超额完成3.7亿个的计划预期目标，光纤到户覆盖家庭达到4.46亿户，超过计划预期目标一倍以上。 | Internet construction has provided more convenient conditions for citizens to enjoy cultural rights. At the end of 2015, 688 million people had access to the Internet, covering 50.3 percent of China's population, surpassing the planned goal of 45 percent. The fixed broadband users and households reached 210 million. The internet broadband ports reached 470 million, exceeding the planned goal of 370 million. Fiber optic Internet connection covered 446 million households, surpassing the planned goal by more than 100 percent. |
| （七）环境权利 | (7) Environmental rights |
| 国家修改环境保护法，专章规定“信息公开和公众参与”，加强对公民环境保护的知情权、参与权、监督权的保障，完善公益诉讼制度，赋予相关社会组织提起环境公益诉讼的权利，强化责任追究制度。 | China has amended the Law on Environmental Protection, with special provisions on information transparency and public participation to guarantee the public's right to be informed, participate and supervise and provisions for improving the public interest litigation system to provide related social groups with the right to launch public interest litigations and strengthen the system of accountability. |
| 重金属污染得到有效治理。2010－2015年，中央财政拨付172亿元资金支持重金属污染治理。2014年，全国铅、汞、镉、铬和类金属砷五种重点重金属污染物排放总量比2007年下降20%，重金属污染事件自2010－2011年的平均每年10余起下降到2012－2015年的平均每年不到3起。 | Heavy metal pollution has effectively been brought under control. Between 2010 and 2015, the central government appropriated 17.2 billion yuan to support control over heavy metal pollution. In 2014, the total pollutant discharge of 5 major heavy metals including lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and the metalloid element - arsenic, decreased by 20 percent as compared with that in 2007. The number of heavy metal pollution incidents decreased from more than 10 annually on average between 2010 and 2011 to an annual average of less than 3 between 2012 and 2015. |
| 水污染治理能力得到提升。2015年4月，国务院发布《水污染防治行动计划》。全国地表水劣Ⅴ类水质比例自2001年的35.7%下降到2015年的8.8%。2011－2015年，新增城镇污水处理能力4800万吨/日。2015年，338个地级及以上城市集中式饮用水水源取水量达标率为97.1%。 | The capability for water pollution treatment has increased. In April 2015, the State Council announced "action plan for water pollution prevention and control". The percentage of inferior class V surface water decreased from 35.7 percent in 2001 to 8.8 percent in 2015. During the 2011-2015 period, sewage treatment capacity increased by an additional 48 million tons per day. In 2015, 97.1 percent of the drinking water from centralized supply sources in 338 cities at the prefecture level and above met the quality standard. |
| 空气污染治理力度加大。2015年8月修改大气污染防治法，以改善大气环境质量为目标，强化政府责任，完善治理大气污染的针对性措施。2011－2015年，化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物四项污染物排放量，分别下降12.9%、13.0%、18.0%和18.6%。2013年9月，国务院印发《大气污染防治行动计划》，明确了10条35项综合治理措施，重点治理细颗粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）。2015年，全国所有地级及以上城市已全部实施新环境空气质量标准。建成发展中国家最大的空气质量监测网，全国338个地级及以上城市全部具备PM2.5等六项指标监测能力。加强节能低碳标准化工作。2011－2015年，实施百项能效标准推进工程，批准发布205项节能国家标准。2015年，国务院办公厅印发《关于加强节能标准化工作的意见》。批准发布钢铁、水泥等10个行业温室气体排放标准，发布第五阶段车用油品国家标准。 | Efforts for air quality control have been boosted. In August 2015, China amended the law on air pollution prevention and control, made improving atmospheric quality as its goal, emphasized government responsibilities and improved measures targeted towards controlling air pollution. Between 2011 and 2015, the emissions of 4 major pollutants including chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide decreased 12.9 percent, 13.0 percent, 18.0 percent and 18.6 percent respectively. In September 2013, the State Council distributed the Action Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Control, in which it clarified comprehensive treatment measures composed of 10 articles and 35 items, focusing on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and inhalable particles (PM10). In 2015, all cities at the prefecture level and above adopted new environmental and air quality standards. China built the largest air quality monitoring network among all developing countries with 338 cities at the prefecture level and above across the country having the capability of monitoring 6 indices including PM2.5. Efforts were made to strengthen the standardization of energy conservation and low carbon. During the 2011-2015 period, the government implemented a project involving the formation and improvement of 100 important energy-saving standards and approved the release of 205 energy-saving state criteria. In 2015, the General Office of the State Council issued the guidelines on strengthening the standardization of energy conservation. The government approved the emissions standards for 10 industries that produce greenhouse gases including steel, iron and cement and issued the phase 5 national standards for automobile fuel. |
| 生态建设深入推进。成立生物多样性保护国家委员会，环境保护部发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2011－2030年）》，启动“联合国生物多样性十年中国行动”。2011－2015年，天然林资源保护工程投资达898亿元，约108万平方公里的天然林得到有效保护。持续推进“三北”等重点防护林体系建设、京津风沙源治理、岩溶地区石漠化综合治理、退牧还草等重点生态工程，启动新一轮退耕还林还草。2011－2015年，已建成以自然保护区为骨干的生物多样性就地保护网络体系。建成自然保护区面积达147万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积14.84%。全国超过90%的陆地生态系统类型、89%的国家重点保护野生动物种类和86%的国家重点保护野生植物种类在自然保护区内得到保护。截至2015年年底，中国森林覆盖率为21.66％。新增水土流失综合治理面积26万余平方公里，超额完成计划预期目标。截至2014年年底，全国城市绿化覆盖率为40.22%，提前完成计划预期目标。 | Ecosystem construction has been further pushed forward. With the establishment of the State Committee on Biodiversity Protection, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030), and started China's Action for United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. Between 2011 and 2015, China invested 89.8 billion yuan in projects for the conservation of natural forest resources, and put 1.08 million square kilometers of natural forests under effective protection. Efforts were made to continually push forward the construction of key forest shelterbelts in northeast, north and northwest China, the control over the sources of sandstorms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, the comprehensive treatment of stony desertification in karst areas, the key ecological projects of pastureland rehabilitation and the launch of a new round of projects to return farmland back to forestry and pastureland. Between 2011 and 2015, China had already built a localized biodiversity protection network with nature reserves acting as the backbone. The area of established nature reserves reached 1.47 million square kilometers, accounting for 14.84 percent of the country's total land area. Over 90 percent of the country' s land ecosystems, 89 percent of wildlife species under state protection and 86 percent of wild plant species under state protection were conserved in nature reserves. By the end of 2015, China's forest coverage reached 21.66 percent. More than 260,000 square kilometers of land suffering from soil erosion had been treated, which was more than the projected figure. By the end of 2014, the national greenery coverage in urban areas was 40.22 percent, surpassing the planned goal ahead of schedule. |
| 环境执法和责任追究力度不断加强。贯彻落实新修改的环境保护法和国务院办公厅关于加强环境监管执法的通知，全国环保系统积极创新监管执法方式模式，相继开展环保专项行动和环保大检查，严惩环境违法和环境污染犯罪，有效维护了人民群众的环境权益。进一步健全了生态环境损害赔偿制度。 | Efforts were made to continually strengthen the enforcement of environmental laws and an accountability system. To implement and put into effect the newly amended Law on Environmental Protection and a circular issued by the General Office of the State Council on strengthening environmental protection supervision, environment monitoring bodies across the country actively innovated with new methods and modes of supervision and law enforcement, and successively carried out targeted actions and inspections on environmental protection and cracked down severely on environmental law violations and environmental pollution crimes, and effectively safeguarded the environmental rights of the public. A compensation system for the damage to the ecosystem has been further improved. |
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