《中国坚持通过谈判解决中国与菲律宾在南海的有关争议》白皮书
White Paper: China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

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（二）中国始终坚定维护在南海的领土主权和海洋权益	ii. China has always been resolute in upholding its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea
23. 中国对南海诸岛的主权在20世纪前未遭遇任何挑战。20世纪30年代至40年代，法国和日本先后以武力非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁。对此，中国人民奋起抵抗，当时中国政府采取一系列措施，捍卫对南沙群岛的主权。	23. China's sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao had never been challenged before the 20th century. When France and Japan invaded and illegally occupied by force some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao in the 1930s and 1940s, the Chinese people rose to fight back strenuously and the Chinese government took a series of measures to defend China's sovereignty over Nansha Qundao.
24. 1933年，法国曾经一度侵入南沙群岛部分岛礁，发布政府公报宣告“占领”，制造了“九小岛事件”。中国各地各界反应强烈、群起抗议，纷纷谴责法国的侵略行径。居住在南沙群岛的中国渔民也在实地进行抵抗，符洪光、柯家裕、郑兰锭等人砍倒法国在太平岛、北子岛、南威岛、中业岛等岛上悬挂法国国旗的旗杆。	24. In 1933, France invaded some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao and declared "occupation" of them in an announcement published in Journal Officiel, creating the "Incident of the Nine Islets". The French aggression triggered strong reactions and large scale protests from all walks of life across China. The Chinese fishermen living on Nansha Qundao also took on-site resistance against the French aggression. Chinese fishermen Fu Hongguang, Ke Jiayu, Zheng Landing and others cut down the posts flying French flags on Taiping Dao, Beizi Dao, Nanwei Dao, Zhongye Dao and others.
25. “九小岛事件”发生后，中国外交部发言人表示，南沙群岛有关岛屿“仅有我渔人居留岛上，在国际上确认为中国领土”，中国政府就法方侵入九小岛提出严正交涉。同时，广东省政府针对法国诱骗中国渔民悬挂法国国旗，命令各县长布告，禁止在南沙群岛及海域作业的中国渔船悬挂外国旗帜，并给渔民发放中国国旗，要求悬挂。	25. Shortly after this Incident happened, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs made clear through its spokesperson, referring to the relevant islands of Nansha Qundao, that "no other people but Chinese fishermen live on the islands and they are recognized internationally as Chinese territory". The Chinese government made strong representations to the French government against its aggression. And in response to the French attempt to trick Chinese fishermen into hanging French flags, the government of Guangdong Province instructed that administrators of all counties should issue public notice forbidding all Chinese fishing vessels operating in Nansha Qundao and relevant waters from hanging foreign flags, and Chinese national flags were distributed to them to be hung on Chinese fishing vessels.
26. 由外交部、内政部、海军部等部门组成的水陆地图审查委员会，专门审定中国南海诸岛各岛、礁、滩、沙名称，并于1935年编印并公布了《中国南海各岛屿图》。	26. China's Committee for the Examination for the Land and Sea Maps, which was composed of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of the Navy and other institutions, reviewed and approved the names of individual islands, reefs, banks and shoals of Nanhai Zhudao, compiled and published Zhong Guo Nan Hai Ge Dao Yu Tu (Map of the South China Sea Islands of China) in 1935.
27. 日本在侵华战争期间曾非法侵占中国南海诸岛。中国人民对日本的侵略进行了英勇抵抗。随着世界反法西斯战争和中国人民抗日战争的推进，中、美、英三国于1943年12月发表《开罗宣言》郑重宣布，日本必须将所窃取的中国领土归还中国。1945年7月，中、美、英三国发表《波茨坦公告》，其中第8条明确规定，“开罗宣言之条件必将实施”。	27. Japan invaded and illegally occupied Nanhai Zhudao during its war of aggression against China. The Chinese people fought heroically against the Japanese aggression. With the advance of the World's Anti-Fascist War and the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China, the United States and the United Kingdom solemnly demanded in the Cairo Declaration in December 1943 that all the territories Japan had stolen from the Chinese shall be restored to China. In July 1945, China, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the Potsdam Proclamation. That Proclamation explicitly declares in Article 8: "The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out."
28. 1945年8月，日本宣布接受《波茨坦公告》无条件投降。1946年11月至12月，中国政府指派林遵上校等高级军政官员，乘坐“永兴”、“中建”、“太平”、“中业”4艘军舰，分赴西沙群岛和南沙群岛，举行仪式，重立主权碑，派兵驻守。随后，中国政府用上述4艘军舰名对西沙群岛和南沙群岛的4个岛屿进行重新命名。	28. In August 1945, Japan announced its acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation and its unconditional surrender. In November and December 1946, the Chinese government dispatched Colonel Lin Zun and other senior military and civil officials to Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao to resume exercise of authority over these Islands, with commemorative ceremonies held, sovereignty markers re-erected, and troops garrisoned. These officials arrived at these islands on four warships, namely Yongxing, Zhongjian, Taiping and Zhongye. Subsequently, the Chinese government renamed four islands of Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao after the names of those four warships.
29. 1947年3月，中国政府在太平岛设立南沙群岛管理处，隶属广东省。中国还在太平岛设立气象台和电台，自6月起对外广播气象信息。	29. In March 1947, the Chinese government established on Taiping Dao Nansha Qundao Office of Administration and placed it under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province. China also set up a meteorological station and a radio station on Taiping Dao, which started broadcasting meteorological information in June of that year.
30. 在对南海诸岛重新进行地理测绘的基础上，中国政府于1947年组织编写了《南海诸岛地理志略》，审定《南海诸岛新旧名称对照表》，绘制标有南海断续线的《南海诸岛位置图》。1948年2月，中国政府公布《中华民国行政区域图》，包括《南海诸岛位置图》。	30. On the basis of a new round of geographical survey of Nanhai Zhudao, the Chinese government commissioned in 1947 the compilation of Nan Hai Zhu Dao Di Li Zhi Lüe (A Brief Account of the Geography of the South China Sea Islands), reviewed and approved Nan Hai Zhu Dao Xin Jiu Ming Cheng Dui Zhao Biao (Comparison Table on the Old and New Names of the South China Sea Islands), and drew Nan Hai Zhu Dao Wei Zhi Tu (Location Map of the South China Sea Islands) on which the dotted line is marked. In February 1948, the Chinese government officially published Zhong Hua Min Guo Xing Zheng Qu Yu Tu (Map of the Administrative Districts of the Republic of China) including Nan Hai Zhu Dao Wei Zhi Tu (Location Map of the South China Sea Islands).
31. 1949年6月，中国政府颁布《海南特区行政长官公署组织条例》，把“海南岛、东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛及其他附属岛屿”划入海南特区。	31. In June 1949, the Chinese government promulgated Hai Nan Te Qu Xing Zheng Zhang Guan Gong Shu Zu Zhi Tiao Li (Regulations on the Organization of the Office of the Chief Executive of the Hainan Special District), which placed Hainan Dao, Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and some other islands under the jurisdiction of the Hainan Special District.
32. 中华人民共和国1949年10月1日成立后，多次重申并采取立法、行政设治、外交交涉等措施进一步维护对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益。中国对南海诸岛及相关海域的巡逻执法、资源开发和科学考察等活动从未中断过。	32. Since its founding on 1 October 1949, the People's Republic of China has repeatedly reiterated and further upheld its sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao and relevant rights and interests in the South China Sea by measures such as adopting legislations, establishing administration and making diplomatic representations. China has never ceased carrying out activities such as patrolling and law enforcement, resources development and scientific survey on Nanhai Zhudao and in the South China Sea.
33. 1951年8月，中国外交部长周恩来发表《关于美英对日和约草案及旧金山会议的声明》指出，“西沙群岛和南威岛正如整个南沙群岛及中沙群岛、东沙群岛一样，向为中国领土，在日本帝国主义发动侵略战争时虽曾一度沦陷，但日本投降后已为当时中国政府全部接收”，“中华人民共和国在南威岛和西沙群岛之不可侵犯的主权，不论美英对日和约草案有无规定及如何规定，均不受任何影响”。	33. In August 1951, Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, in his Statement on the United States-British Draft Peace Treaty with Japan and the San Francisco Conference, pointed out that "as a matter of fact, just like all the Nan Sha Islands, Chung Sha Islands and Tung Sha Islands, Si Sha Islands (the Paracel Islands) and Nan Wei Island (Spratly Island) have always been China's territory, occupied by Japan for some time during the war of aggression waged by Japanese imperialism, they were all taken over by the then Chinese Government, following Japan's surrender", "Whether or not the United States-British Draft Treaty contains provisions on this subject and no matter how these provisions are worded, the inviolable sovereignty of the People's Republic of China over Nan Wei Island (Spratly Island) and Si Sha Islands (the Paracel Islands) will not be in any way affected."
34. 1958年9月，中国发布《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》，明确规定中国领海宽度为12海里，采用直线基线方法划定领海基线，上述规定适用于中华人民共和国的一切领土，包括“东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他属于中国的岛屿”。	34. In September 1958, China promulgated the Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sea, explicitly providing that the breadth of China's territorial sea shall be twelve nautical miles, that the straight baselines method shall be employed to determine the baselines of territorial sea and that such provisions shall apply to all territories of the People's Republic of China, including "Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and all the other islands belonging to China".
35. 1959年3月，中国政府在西沙群岛的永兴岛设立“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”；1969年3月，该“办事处”改称“广东省西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛革命委员会”；1981年10月，恢复“西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处”的称谓。	35. In March 1959, the Chinese government set up, on Yongxing Dao of Xisha Qundao, the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao. In March 1969, the Office was renamed the Revolutionary Committee of Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao and Nansha Qundao of Guangdong Province. In October 1981, the name of the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao was restored.
36. 1983年4月，中国地名委员会受权公布南海诸岛部分标准地名，总计287个。	36. In April 1983, China Committee on Geographical Names was authorized to publish 287 standard geographical names for part of Nanhai Zhudao.
37. 1984年5月，第六届全国人民代表大会第二次会议决定设立海南行政区，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。	37. In May 1984, the Sixth National People's Congress decided at its Second Session to establish the Hainan Administrative District with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant maritime areas, among others.
38. 1988年4月，第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议决定设立海南省，管辖范围包括西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。	38. In April 1988, the Seventh National People's Congress decided at its First Session to establish Hainan Province with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant maritime areas, among others.
39. 1992年2月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》，确立了中国领海和毗连区的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“中华人民共和国的陆地领土包括……东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛以及其他一切属于中华人民共和国的岛屿”。1996年5月，第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十九次会议决定，批准《联合国海洋法公约》，同时声明“中华人民共和国重申对1992年2月25日颁布的《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》第2条所列各群岛及岛屿的主权。”	39. In February 1992, China promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, establishing China's basic system of territorial sea and contiguous zone. This Law explicitly states: "The land territory of the People's Republic of China includes […] Dongsha Qundao; Xisha Qundao; Zhongsha Qundao; Nansha Qundao; as well as all the other islands belonging to the People's Republic of China." In May 1996, the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress made the decision at its Nineteenth Session to ratify UNCLOS, and at the same time declared that, "The People's Republic of China reaffirms its sovereignty over all its archipelagoes and islands as listed in Article 2 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone which was promulgated on 25 February 1992."
40. 1996年5月，中国政府宣布中国大陆沿海由山东高角至海南岛峻壁角49个领海基点和由直线相连的领海基线，以及西沙群岛28个领海基点和由直线相连的基线，并宣布将另行公布其余领海基线。	40. In May 1996, the Chinese government announced the baselines of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to the mainland which are composed of all the straight lines joining the 49 adjacent base points from Gaojiao of Shandong to Junbijiao of Hainan Dao, as well as the baselines of the territorial sea adjacent to Xisha Qundao which are composed of all the straight lines joining the 28 adjacent base points, and declared it would announce the remaining baselines of the territorial sea at another time.
41. 1998年6月，中国颁布《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》，确立了中国专属经济区和大陆架的基本法律制度，并明确规定：“本法的规定不影响中华人民共和国享有的历史性权利”。	41. In June 1998, China promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf, establishing China's basic system of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. This Law explicitly states: "The provisions in this Law shall not affect the historic rights that the People's Republic of China enjoys."
42. 2012年6月，国务院批准撤销海南省西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处，设立地级三沙市，管辖西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛的岛礁及其海域。	42. In June 2012, the State Council approved the abolition of the Office of Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the simultaneous establishment of prefecture-level Sansha City with jurisdiction over Xisha Qundao, Nansha Qundao and Zhongsha Qundao and the relevant waters.
43. 中国高度重视南海生态和渔业资源保护。自1999年起，中国实施南海伏季休渔制度。截至2015年底，中国在南海共建成国家级水生生物自然保护区6处，省级水生生物自然保护区6处，总面积达269万公顷；国家级水产种质资源保护区7处，总面积达128万公顷。	43. China attaches great importance to ecological and fishery resource preservation in the South China Sea. In 1999, China began to enforce summer fishing moratorium in the South China Sea and has done so since that time. By the end of 2015, China had established six national aquatic biological nature reserves and six such reserves at provincial level, covering a total area of 2.69 million hectares, as well as seven national aquatic germplasm resources conservation areas with a total area of 1.28 million hectares.
44. 自20世纪50年代以来，中国台湾当局一直驻守在南沙群岛太平岛，设有民事服务管理机构，并对岛上自然资源进行开发利用。	44. Since the 1950s, the Taiwan authorities of China have maintained a military presence on Taiping Dao of Nansha Qundao. For a long time, they have also maintained civil service and administration bodies and carried out natural resources development on the island.
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