《中国坚持通过谈判解决中国与菲律宾在南海的有关争议》白皮书
White Paper: China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

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三、中菲已就解决南海有关争议达成共识	III. China and the Philippines Have Reached Consensus on Settling Their Relevant Disputes in the South China Sea
73. 中国坚决捍卫对南海诸岛的主权，坚决反对菲律宾非法侵占中国岛礁，坚决反对菲律宾依据单方面主张在中国管辖海域采取侵权行为。同时，从维护南海和平稳定出发，中国保持高度克制，坚持和平解决中菲南海有关争议，并为此作出不懈努力。中国就管控海上分歧以及推动海上务实合作等与菲律宾进行多次磋商，双方就通过谈判解决南海有关争议，妥善管控有关分歧达成重要共识。	73. China firmly upholds its sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao, resolutely opposes the Philippines' invasion and illegal occupation of China's islands and reefs, and resolutely opposes the unilateral acts taken by the Philippines on the pretext of enforcing its own claims to infringe China's rights and interests in waters under China's jurisdiction. Still, in the interest of sustaining peace and stability in the South China Sea, China has exercised great restraint, stayed committed to peacefully settling the disputes with the Philippines in the South China Sea, and made tireless efforts to this end. China has conducted consultations with the Philippines on managing maritime differences and promoting practical maritime cooperation, and the two sides have reached important consensus on settling through negotiation relevant disputes in the South China Sea and properly managing relevant disputes.
（一）通过谈判解决南海有关争议是中菲共识和承诺	i. It is the consensus and commitment of China and the Philippines to settle through negotiation their relevant disputes in the South China Sea
74. 中国一贯致力于在相互尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则基础上与各国发展友好关系。	74. China has dedicated itself to fostering friendly relations with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, namely, mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
75. 1975年6月，中菲关系实现正常化，两国在有关公报中明确指出，两国政府同意不诉诸武力，不以武力相威胁，和平解决所有争端。	75. In June 1975, China and the Philippines normalized their relations, and in the joint communiqué for that purpose, the two governments agreed to settle all disputes by peaceful means without resorting to the threat or use of force.
76. 实际上，中国在解决南海问题上的“搁置争议，共同开发”倡议，首先是对菲律宾提出的。1986年6月，中国领导人邓小平在会见菲律宾副总统萨尔瓦多·劳雷尔时，指出南沙群岛属于中国，同时针对有关分歧表示，“这个问题可以先搁置一下，先放一放。过几年后，我们坐下来，平心静气地商讨一个可为各方接受的方式。我们不会让这个问题妨碍与菲律宾和其他国家的友好关系”。1988年4月，邓小平在会见菲律宾总统科拉松·阿基诺时重申“对南沙群岛问题，中国最有发言权。南沙历史上就是中国领土，很长时间，国际上对此无异议”；“从两国友好关系出发，这个问题可先搁置一下，采取共同开发的办法”。此后，中国在处理南海有关争议及同南海周边国家发展双边关系问题上，一直贯彻了邓小平关于“主权属我，搁置争议，共同开发”的思想。	76. In fact, China's initiative of "pursuing joint development while shelving disputes" regarding the South China Sea issue was first addressed to the Philippines. In a June 1986 meeting with Philippine Vice President Salvador Laurel, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping pointed out that Nansha Qundao belongs to China, and when referring to the matter of differences, stated that, "This issue can be shelved for now. Several years later, we can sit down and work out a solution that is acceptable to all in a calm manner. We shall not let this issue stand in the way of our friendly relations with the Philippines and with other countries." In April 1988, when meeting with Philippine President Corazón Aquino, Deng Xiaoping reiterated that "with regard to the issue concerning Nansha Qundao, China has the biggest say. Nansha Qundao has been part of China's territory throughout history, and no one has ever expressed objection to this for quite some time"; and "For the sake of the friendship between our two countries, we can shelve the issue for now and pursue joint development". Since then, when handling the relevant South China Sea issue and developing bilateral ties with other littoral countries around the South China Sea, China has all along acted in keeping with Deng Xiaoping's idea: "sovereignty belongs to China, disputes can be shelved, and we can pursue joint development".
77. 20世纪80年代以来，中国就通过谈判管控和解决中菲南海有关争议提出一系列主张和倡议，多次重申对南沙群岛的主权、和平解决南海有关争议的立场和“搁置争议，共同开发”的倡议，明确表示反对外部势力介入，反对南海问题国际化，强调不应使争议影响两国关系的发展。	77. Since the 1980s, China has put forward a series of proposals and initiatives for managing and settling through negotiation disputes with the Philippines in the South China Sea and reiterated repeatedly its sovereignty over Nansha Qundao, its position on peacefully settling the relevant disputes and its initiative of "pursuing joint development while shelving disputes". China has expressed its clear opposition to intervention by outside forces and attempts to multilateralize the South China Sea issue and emphasized that the relevant disputes should not affect bilateral relations.
78. 1992年7月，在马尼拉举行的第25届东盟外长会议发表《东盟关于南海问题的宣言》。中国表示，赞赏这一宣言所阐述的相关原则。中国一贯主张通过谈判和平解决南沙群岛部分岛礁有关领土问题，反对诉诸武力，愿在条件成熟时同有关国家谈判“搁置争议，共同开发”。	78. In July 1992, the 25th ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting held in Manila adopted the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea. China expressed appreciation for relevant principles outlined in that Declaration. China stated that it has all along stood for peacefully settling through negotiation the territorial issues relating to part of Nansha Qundao and opposed the use of force, and is ready to enter into negotiation with countries concerned on implementing the principle of "pursuing joint development while shelving disputes" when conditions are ripe.
79. 1995年8月，中菲共同发表的《中华人民共和国和菲律宾共和国关于南海问题和其他领域合作的磋商联合声明》表示，“争议应由直接有关国家解决”；“双方承诺循序渐进地进行合作，最终谈判解决双方争议”。此后，中国和菲律宾通过一系列双边文件确认通过双边谈判协商解决南海问题的有关共识，例如：1999年3月《中菲建立信任措施工作小组会议联合公报》、2000年5月《中华人民共和国政府和菲律宾共和国政府关于21世纪双边合作框架的联合声明》等。	79. In August 1995, China and the Philippines issued the Joint Statement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines concerning Consultations on the South China Sea and on Other Areas of Cooperation in which they agreed that "[d]isputes shall be settled by the countries directly concerned" and that "a gradual and progressive process of cooperation shall be adopted with a view to eventually negotiating a settlement of the bilateral disputes." Subsequently, China and the Philippines reaffirmed their consensus on settling the South China Sea issue through bilateral negotiation and consultation in a number of bilateral documents, such as the March 1999 Joint Statement of the China-Philippines Experts Group Meeting on Confidence-Building Measures and the May 2000 Joint Statement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on the Framework of Bilateral Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century.
80. 2002年11月，中国同东盟10国共同签署《宣言》。各方在《宣言》中郑重承诺：“根据公认的国际法原则，包括1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，由直接有关的主权国家通过友好磋商和谈判，以和平方式解决它们的领土和管辖权争议，而不诉诸武力或以武力相威胁。”	80. In November 2002, China and the ten ASEAN Member States signed the DOC in which the parties solemnly "undertake to resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned, in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law, including the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea".
81. 此后，中菲通过一系列双边文件确认各自在《宣言》中作出的郑重承诺，例如：2004年9月《中华人民共和国政府和菲律宾共和国政府联合新闻公报》、2011年9月《中华人民共和国和菲律宾共和国联合声明》等。	81. Afterwards, China and the Philippines reaffirmed this solemn commitment they had made in the DOC in a number of bilateral documents, such as the September 2004 Joint Press Statement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the September 2011 Joint Statement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines.
82. 上述中菲两国各项双边文件以及《宣言》的相关规定，体现了中菲就解决南海有关争议达成的以下共识和承诺：一是有关争议应在直接有关的主权国家之间解决；二是有关争议应在平等和相互尊重基础上，通过谈判协商和平解决；三是直接有关的主权国家根据公认的国际法原则，包括1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，“最终谈判解决双方争议”。	82. The relevant provisions in all the aforementioned bilateral instruments and the DOC embody the following consensus and commitment between China and the Philippines on settling the relevant disputes in the South China Sea: first, the relevant disputes shall be settled between sovereign states directly concerned; second, the relevant disputes shall be peacefully settled through negotiation and consultation on the basis of equality and mutual respect; and third, sovereign states directly concerned shall "eventually negotiat[e] a settlement of the bilateral disputes" in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law, including the 1982 UNCLOS.
83. 中菲双方多次重申通过谈判解决有关争议，并多次强调有关谈判应由直接有关的主权国家开展，上述规定显然已产生排除任何第三方争端解决方式的效果。特别是1995年的联合声明规定“最终谈判解决双方争议”，这里的“最终”一词明显是为了强调“谈判”是双方已选择的唯一争端解决方式，并排除包括第三方争端解决程序在内的任何其他方式。上述共识和承诺构成两国间排除通过第三方争端解决方式解决中菲南海有关争议的协议。这一协议必须遵守。	83. By repeatedly reaffirming negotiations as the means for settling relevant disputes, and by repeatedly emphasizing that negotiations be conducted by sovereign states directly concerned, the above-mentioned provisions obviously have produced the effect of excluding any means of third party settlement. In particular, the 1995 Joint Statement provides for "eventually negotiating a settlement of the bilateral disputes". The term "eventually" in this context clearly serves to emphasize that "negotiations" is the only means the parties have chosen for dispute settlement, to the exclusion of any other means including third party settlement procedures. The above consensus and commitment constitutes an agreement between the two states excluding third-party dispute settlement as a way to settle relevant disputes in the South China Sea between China and the Philippines. This agreement must be observed.
（二）妥善管控南海有关争议是中菲之间的共识	ii. It is the consensus of China and the Philippines to properly manage relevant disputes in the South China Sea
84. 中国一贯主张，各方应通过制定规则、完善机制、务实合作、共同开发等方式管控争议，为南海有关争议的最终解决创造良好氛围。	84. It is China's consistent position that, the relevant parties should establish and improve rules and mechanisms, and pursue practical cooperation and joint development, so as to manage disputes in the South China Sea, and to foster a good atmosphere for their final resolution.
85. 自20世纪90年代以来，中菲就管控争议达成一系列共识：一是在有关争议问题上保持克制，不采取可能导致事态扩大化的行动；二是坚持通过双边磋商机制管控争议；三是坚持推动海上务实合作和共同开发；四是不使有关争议影响双边关系的健康发展和南海地区的和平与稳定。	85. Since the 1990s, China and the Philippines have reached the following consensus on managing their disputes: first, they will exercise restraint in handling relevant disputes and refrain from taking actions that may lead to an escalation; second, they will stay committed to managing disputes through bilateral consultation mechanisms; third, they commit themselves to pursuing practical maritime cooperation and joint development; and fourth, the relevant disputes should not affect the healthy growth of bilateral relations and peace and stability in the South China Sea region.
86. 中菲还在《宣言》中达成如下共识：保持自我克制，不采取使争议复杂化、扩大化和影响和平与稳定的行动；在和平解决领土和管辖权争议前，本着合作与谅解的精神，努力寻求各种途径建立互信；探讨或开展在海洋环保、海洋科学研究、海上航行和交通安全、搜寻与救助、打击跨国犯罪等方面的合作。	86. In the DOC, China and the Philippines also reached the following consensus: to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities that would complicate or escalate disputes and affect peace and stability; to intensify efforts, pending the peaceful settlement of territorial and jurisdictional disputes, to seek ways, in the spirit of cooperation and understanding, to build trust and confidence; and to explore or undertake cooperative activities including marine environmental protection, marine scientific research, safety of navigation and communication at sea, search and rescue operation and combating transnational crime.
87. 中菲曾就管控分歧、开展海上务实合作取得积极进展。	87. China and the Philippines have made some progress in managing their differences and conducting practical maritime cooperation.
88. 1999年3月，中国和菲律宾举行关于在南海建立信任措施工作小组首次会议，双方发表的《中菲建立信任措施工作小组会议联合公报》指出，“双方承诺根据广泛接受的国际法原则包括联合国海洋法公约，通过协商和平解决争议，……双方同意保持克制，不采取可能导致事态扩大化的行动。”	88. During the first China-Philippines Experts Group Meeting on Confidence-Building Measures held in March 1999, the two sides issued a joint statement, pointing out that, "the two sides agreed that the dispute should be peacefully settled through consultation in accordance with the generally-accepted principles of international law including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, [... and to] exercise self-restraint and not to take actions that might escalate the situation."
89. 2001年4月，中菲发表的《第三次建立信任措施专家组会议联合新闻声明》指出，“双方认识到两国就探讨南海合作方式所建立的双边磋商机制是富有成效的，双方所达成的一系列谅解与共识对维护中菲关系的健康发展和南海地区的和平与稳定发挥了建设性作用。”	89. In the Joint Press Statement of the Third China-Philippines Experts Group Meeting on Confidence-Building Measures released in April 2001, it is stated that, "the two sides noted that the bilateral consultation mechanism to explore ways of cooperation in the South China Sea has been effective. The series of understanding and consensus reached by the two sides have played a constructive role in the maintenance of the sound development of China-Philippines relations and peace and stability of the South China Sea area."
90. 2004年9月，在中国和菲律宾领导人的共同见证下，中国海洋石油总公司和菲律宾国家石油公司签署《南中国海部分海域联合海洋地震工作协议》。经中菲双方同意，2005年3月，中国、菲律宾、越南三国国家石油公司签署《南中国海协议区三方联合海洋地震工作协议》，商定三国的石油公司在三年协议期内，在约14.3万平方千米海域的协议区内完成一定数量的二维和/或三维地震测线的采集和处理工作，对一定数量现有的二维地震测线进行再处理，研究评估协议区的石油资源状况。2007年《中华人民共和国和菲律宾共和国联合声明》表示，“双方认为，南海三方联合海洋地震工作可以成为本地区合作的一个示范。双方同意，可以探讨将下一阶段的三方合作提升到更高水平，以加强本地区建立互信的良好势头。”	90. In September 2004, in the presence of the leaders of China and the Philippines, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) signed the Agreement for Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking in Certain Areas in the South China Sea. In March 2005, national oil companies from China, the Philippines and Vietnam signed, with the consent of both China and the Philippines, the Tripartite Agreement for Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking in the Agreement Area in the South China Sea. It was agreed that during an agreement term of three year-period, these oil companies should collect and process certain amount of 2D and/or 3D seismic lines in the agreement area covering about 143,000 square kilometers, re-process certain amount of existing 2D seismic lines, and study and assess the oil resources in the area. The 2007 Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines states that, "both sides agree that the tripartite joint marine seismic undertaking in the South China Sea serves as a model for cooperation in the region. They agreed that possible next steps for cooperation among the three parties should be explored to bring collaboration to a higher level and increase the momentum of trust and confidence in the region."
91. 令人遗憾的是，由于菲律宾方面缺乏合作意愿，中菲信任措施工作小组会议陷于停滞，中菲越三方联合海洋地震考察工作也未能继续。	91. Regrettably, due to the lack of willingness for cooperation from the Philippine side, the China-Philippines Experts Group Meeting on Confidence-Building Measures has stalled, and the China-Philippines-Vietnam tripartite marine seismic undertaking has failed to move forward.
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