国家人权行动计划（2016－2020年）
National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020)
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| 二、公民权利和政治权利 | II. Civil and Political Rights |
| 深入推进依法行政，加强人权司法保障，扩大公民有序政治参与，切实保障公民权利和政治权利。 | Law-based governance shall be advanced, judicial protection of human rights strengthened and orderly civil participation in political affairs expanded to effectively protect the people's civil and political rights. |
| （一）人身权利 | (1) Rights of the person |
| 规范涉及公民人身的执法行为和司法行为。采取措施防范刑讯逼供。规范监管场所，保障各类被限制人身自由人员的权利。 | Acts of law enforcement and judicature touching on the rights of the person shall be standardized. Measures shall be taken to prevent extorting confessions by torture. Places of surveillance shall be regularized to protect the rights of people whose personal freedom is subject to restriction. |
| ——完善行政组织和行政程序法律制度。行政机关不得法外设定权力，没有宪法法律依据不得作出限制公民人身自由的强制措施和处罚。 | -- Improving laws and regulations concerning administrative bodies and procedures. Administrative bodies shall not extend their power beyond the law, and not impose any coercive measure or punishment that restrict personal freedom in the absence of Constitutional basis or legal basis. |
| ——完善执法程序。建立执法全过程记录制度，完善对涉及公民人身权利的行政强制措施实行司法监督的制度。 | -- Improving law enforcement procedures. A system of archiving shall be established of the entire law-enforcement process, and the system of judicial supervision shall be improved over coercive administrative measures involving rights of the person. |
| ——完善对限制人身自由司法措施和侦查手段的司法监督。加强对刑讯逼供和非法取证的源头预防，健全冤假错案的有效防范、及时纠正机制。落实讯问犯罪嫌疑人全程同步录音录像制度，并逐步扩大其适用的案件范围，试行重大案件全程同步录音录像随案移送制度。 | -- Improving judicial oversight over judicial and investigation means that restrict personal freedom. Efforts shall be strengthened to prevent at source interrogation by torture and illegal collection of evidence, and improve the mechanism for preventing and redressing unjust, false and erroneous cases in a timely manner. The system of synchronous video and audio recording shall be implemented for the entire process of questioning criminal suspects, while the scope of its application being gradually expanded. Trial implementation shall be made of the system of transferring major cases together with the relevant synchronous video and audio recordings. |
| ——完善侦查阶段听取律师意见的相关机制。犯罪嫌疑人委托的律师提出不构成犯罪、无逮捕必要、不适宜羁押、侦查活动有违法犯罪情形等书面意见以及相关证据材料的，检察人员应当在审查逮捕意见书中说明是否采纳律师意见的情况和理由。 | -- Improving the mechanism of consulting lawyers at the stage of investigation. Where the defense lawyer entrusted by a criminal suspect provides written opinions, materials and evidence that prove the suspect's acts do not constitute a crime, arrest is unnecessary, detention is unsuitable or investigation is illegal, the procurator shall state clearly in the relevant written report on investigation and arrest the conditions and reasons for whether or not adopting the lawyer's opinions. |
| ——严格执行指定居所监视居住制度。严格把握适用标准、适用期限，规范执行场所、执行方式，健全适用审批制度。 | -- Seriously implementing the system of residential surveillance at designated places. Tight control shall be enforced on the conditions and duration of residential surveillance, as well as the places and means of enforcement, in addition to improvement of the pertinent review and approval system. |
| ——强化对公安执法办案活动的刚性约束。改革完善受立案制度、执法质量考评制度和执法过错责任追究制度。加强执法办案场所办案区使用管理，深化公安执法信息化建设。 | -- Imposing rigid constraints on law-enforcing and case-handling activities of public security organs. Efforts shall be made to reform and improve the systems of acceptance and hearing of cases, appraisal of law-enforcement effectiveness, and accountability for mistakes in law-enforcement. Management shall be strengthened of the use of case-handling sites and areas for law enforcement, and improvement shall be made of the IT application in law enforcement for public security bodies. |
| ——加大力度查处国家机关工作人员利用职权实施非法拘禁等侵犯公民人身权利的犯罪。 | -- Making greater efforts to investigate and punish government functionaries abusing power to illegally detain people or commit other crimes that infringe upon the rights of the person. |
| ——严格把握死刑适用条件。强化死刑复核程序，进一步规范死刑复核监督程序。 | -- Strictly observing the conditions applicable to death penalty. The procedure of checking and verification shall be strengthened for death sentence, and the procedure of oversight over death sentence checking and verification shall be further regularized. |
| ——制定看守所法，提升被羁押人权利保障的立法层级，完善配套法律法规和规章制度。 | -- Formulating the Law on Detention Houses. The level of legislation for protecting the rights of detainees shall be raised, in addition to enacting related supporting laws, regulations, provisions and rules. |
| ——健全刑事羁押必要性审查制度。发现不需要继续羁押或患有严重疾病不适宜羁押的，应当释放犯罪嫌疑人、被告人或变更强制措施。 | -- Improving the system of examining and approving the necessity of criminal custody. Where custody is deemed unnecessary or unsuitable due to severe illness, the criminal suspects or defendants shall be released or the coercive measures be changed. |
| ——加强刑事羁押期限监督。预防和清理久押不决案件，严格落实换押制度、超期羁押报告制度及责任追究制度。 | -- Enhancing supervision over the duration of criminal custody. Efforts shall be made to prevent and settle prolonged detention of suspects without concluding the case, and strictly implement the systems of changing custody, reporting overdue custody and accountability for detention beyond the legally prescribed time limit. |
| ——严格落实监管场所的各项规章制度。完善被羁押人投诉处理机制，畅通被羁押人权利救济渠道。加强监管场所检察信息化建设，实现对监管场所的动态监督。 | -- Strictly implementing the rules and regulations on places of surveillance. The mechanism to handle detainees' complaints shall be improved, and channels of right relief be unblocked for them. IT application in relation to procuratorial work shall be strengthened for places of surveillance, and dynamic oversight be realized in such places. |
| ——规范强制医疗的执行、治疗、管理和监督，保障被强制医疗人员的权利。 | -- Promoting procedure-based enforcement, medical care, management and supervision of compulsory medical treatment, and protecting the rights of those receiving compulsory medical treatment. |
| ——落实禁毒法和戒毒条例。依法规范强制隔离戒毒决定、提前解除强制隔离戒毒决定、延长戒毒期限决定的作出。提升戒毒医疗、康复水平，保障戒毒人员合法权利。 | -- Implementing the Anti-Drug Law and the Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation. Standard rules shall be implemented for decision-making on compulsory isolation for drug rehabilitation, early termination or extension of the terms of such drug rehabilitation. The effectiveness of medical treatment and rehabilitation in relation to drug addiction shall be improved, and the lawful rights of drug addicts undergoing rehabilitation shall be protected. |
| （二）获得公正审判的权利 | (2) Right to fair trial |
| 尊重司法运行规律，建立以审判为中心的诉讼制度，提高司法公信力。 | Following the rule of judicial operation, an adjudication-centered litigation system shall be established, and judicial credibility shall be enhanced. |
| ——确保法院依法独立行使审判权。完善对领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的记录、通报和责任追究制度。明确司法机关内部各层级权限，健全内部监督制约机制，完善对司法机关内部人员过问案件的记录制度和责任追究制度。 | -- Ensuring the people's courts exercise adjudicative power independently and in accordance with the law. The system that archives leading officials' intervention in judicial activities and in the handling of particular cases shall be improved, making them known to the public, and holding them accountable. The limits of authority at all levels within the judicial bodies shall be clearly defined. The mechanism of internal checks and oversight shall be improved, so shall the recording and accountability systems regarding judicial personnel who intervene in case handling. |
| ——规范司法解释和案例指导，统一法律适用标准。 | -- Standardizing judicial interpretation and case guidance, and unifying the criteria for the application of the law. |
| ——全面贯彻证据裁判原则。落实直接言词原则，严格落实证人、鉴定人出庭制度。 | -- Implementing the principle of evidentiary adjudication. The principles of testimony and trial in court shall be implemented, so shall the system of court appearance of witnesses and authenticators. |
| ——贯彻疑罪从无原则，严格实行非法证据排除规则，进一步明确非法证据的范围和排除程序。 | -- Implementing the principle of presumption of innocence, and the rule of exclusion of illegally obtained evidence, and specifying the scope and exclusion procedures of illegal evidence. |
| ——加强诉讼过程中律师的知情权、申请权、申诉权等各项权利的制度保障，落实相关法律赋予律师在诉讼中会见、阅卷、收集证据和发问、质证、辩论等方面的执业权利，保障律师依法行使辩护权、代理权。健全完善侦查、起诉、审判各环节重视律师辩护代理意见的工作机制，落实听取律师意见制度。禁止对律师进行歧视性安检，为律师依法履职提供便利。 | -- Enhancing institutional guarantee for lawyers' rights to know, apply and appeal throughout the course of litigation, ensuring their access to criminal suspects or defendants, and rights to review files, collect evidence, raise questions, conduct cross-examinations and debate, and ensuring lawyers exercise their rights of defense and procuration in accordance with the law. The mechanism of valuing lawyers' defense and procuration opinions in investigation, prosecution and trial shall be improved, and the system of listening to their opinions shall be observed. Discriminatory security checks of lawyers are prohibited, in order to provide convenience for them to perform their duties in accordance with the law. |
| ——强化诉讼过程中当事人和其他诉讼参与人的知情权、陈述权、辩论辩护权、申请权、申诉权的制度保障，落实刑事诉讼法及相关配套法规制度关于法律援助的规定。 | -- Enhancing institutional guarantee for the rights of litigants and other parties involved in the lawsuit to know, present views, debate and defense, apply and appeal, and implementing regulations on legal aid prescribed in the Criminal Procedure Law and related rules and regulations. |
| ——完善刑事诉讼中认罪认罚从宽制度。明确被告人自愿认罪、自愿接受处罚、积极退赃退赔案件的诉讼程序、处罚标准和处理方式。 | -- Improving the practice of leniency to those who confess their crimes and submit to punishment in criminal proceedings. The judicial proceedings, penalty standards and handling means shall be clarified for cases where defendants plead guilty, accept punishment, surrender ill-gotten gains or pay compensation, all of their own accord. |
| ——继续推进量刑规范化，规范法官的量刑裁量权，完善量刑程序，促进量刑公开、公正。 | -- Pressing further forward with standardization in meting out punishment, regularizing the judges' sentencing discretion, improving sentencing procedures, and enhancing openness and impartiality in sentencing. |
| ——禁止让刑事在押被告人或上诉人穿着具有监管机构标识的服装出庭受审。 | -- Prohibiting defendants who are held in custody or appellants from appearing in court wearing clothing that bear the logo of their organs of custody. |
| ——健全轻微刑事案件快速办理机制，有序推进刑事案件速裁程序改革。 | -- Improving the mechanism for fast-track handling of minor criminal cases, and reforming fast-track trial procedures for criminal cases in an orderly manner. |
| ——制定刑事被害人救助法，建立统一、规范的刑事被害人救助制度。 | -- Formulating the Law on Assistance for Victims of Crime, and establishing a unified, procedure-based relief system for victims of crime. |
| （三）宗教信仰自由 | (3) Freedom of religious belief |
| 提高宗教工作法治化水平，落实宗教信仰自由的宪法规定。 | Rule of law shall be enhanced in addressing religious affairs, and the stipulation in the Constitution concerning freedom of religious belief shall be implemented. |
| ——修改宗教事务条例，依法规范政府管理宗教事务的行为，保护广大信教群众合法权益。 | -- Amending the Regulations on Religious Affairs, regularizing in accordance with the law the conduct of the government in managing religious affairs, and protecting the lawful rights and interests of religious believers. |
| ——支持宗教界加强自身建设，提高自我约束、自我规范、自我管理能力。为宗教团体开展工作提供必要的支持和帮助。 | -- Supporting the efforts of the religious circles for self-improvement to enhance their capabilities for self-regulation, self-discipline and self-management. Necessary support and assistance shall be provided for religious groups to hold activities. |
| ——鼓励宗教界依法开展公益慈善活动。 | -- Encouraging religious circles to organize charity activities in accordance with the law. |
| ——办好宗教院校，加强宗教人才培养，提高宗教教职人员素质。 | -- Making efforts to run the religious institutes well, improving the training of religious professionals, and improving the qualities of faculty and staff of the religious institutes. |
| ——遏制投资经营宗教活动场所行为，制止和纠正寺庙、道观“被承包”现象。 | -- Halting investments in and commercial use of venues for religious activities, and prohibiting the "contracting" of Buddhist monasteries and Taoist temples. |
| ——改进伊斯兰教朝觐组织服务工作，保障穆斯林群众顺利完成朝觐功课。 | -- Improving organization and services for the Islamic Hajj. |
| ——积极开展对外宗教交流活动。 | -- Actively engaging in religious exchanges with the outside world. |
| （四）知情权和参与权 | (4) Rights to know and to participate |
| 多渠道多领域拓宽公民知情权的范围，扩展有序参与社会治理的途径和方式。 | Expanding the citizens' right to know through various channels and in various fields, and increasing the means and forms of their orderly participation in social governance. |
| ——进一步推进权力清单和责任清单公开，方便公众获取和监督。各级政府及其工作部门依据权力清单向社会全面公开政府职能、职责权限、管理流程、监督方式。 | -- Further pressing forward with making public the lists of powers and responsibilities for easier supervision by the public. The people's governments at all levels and their subordinate departments shall make public their functions, responsibilities, powers, administrative procedures and means of accepting public supervision. |
| ——推行行政执法公示制度。 | -- Introducing the system of publicity for administrative law enforcement. |
| ——加强互联网政务信息数据服务平台和便民服务平台建设，提高政务公开信息化、集中化水平。 | -- Improving the construction of online administrative information data platform and public service platform, and promoting IT application to make governmental affairs more open and easier to access. |
| ——完善突发事件信息发布制度。 | -- Improving the information disclosure system for emergencies. |
| ——推进警务、狱务、审判、检务公开。依法及时公开执法司法依据、程序、流程、结果，建立生效法律文书统一上网和公开查询制度。 | -- Disclosing information about police, prison, adjudicative and procuratorial affairs. Information shall be released in time about the basis, procedures, processes and results of judicature and law enforcement in accordance with the law, and a system of unified online announcement and open inquiry shall be established for effective legal documents. |
| ——提高立法公众参与度。探索建立有关国家机关、社会团体、专家学者等对立法中涉及的重大利益调整论证咨询机制，拓宽公民有序参与立法途径，健全法律法规规章草案公开征求意见和公众意见采纳情况反馈机制。 | -- Enlarging public involvement in legislation. Exploration shall be made for the establishment of a mechanism in which the state organs, social groups, specialists and scholars provide argument and consultation for the adjustment of major interests in the process of legislation, thus expanding the channels for the public's orderly participation in legislation, and improving the mechanisms of soliciting public opinion for the drafting of laws, regulations and provisions, and giving feedbacks to the public. |
| ——落实人民陪审员“倍增计划”，拓宽选任渠道和范围，明确参审案件职权。 | -- Implementing the plan of doubling the number of people's jurors, expanding the channels and scope of their selection and appointment, and specifying their functions and powers. |
| ——进一步完善特约检察员机制，切实采取措施保障特约检察员依法履行职责，参与检察，谋议检务。 | -- Improving the mechanism of having specially-invited procurators, and taking effective measures to ensure they perform their duties in accordance with the law and involve in the deliberation of procuratorial affairs. |
| ——完善人民监督员制度。改革选任和管理方式，充分保障人民监督员的各项权利，进一步拓宽人民群众有序参与司法渠道。 | -- Improving the people's supervisor system. The selection, appointment and management of people's supervisors shall be improved, their rights be fully protected, and the channels be expanded for the public's orderly participation in judicial affairs. |
| ——在司法调解、司法听证、涉诉信访等活动中保障人民群众参与。 | -- Ensuring public participation in judicial mediation and hearing, and addressing petition letters and visits in relation to legal proceedings. |
| ——发挥市民公约、乡规民约、行业规章、团体章程等社会规范在社会治理中的积极作用，推进社会自治。 | -- Bringing into play the positive role of citizens' code of conduct, village regulations and folk conventions, and statutes of trades and social groups in social governance, and advancing self-governance of society. |
| ——支持社会组织参与社会服务。发展社会工作服务机构和志愿服务组织，推进行业协会与行政机关脱钩，支持慈善组织有序发展，完善社会组织登记管理制度及政府向社会组织购买服务制度。 | -- Supporting social organizations to participate in the provision of social services. Efforts shall be made to develop social work service agencies and voluntary service associations, promote the separation of trade associations from administrative bodies, facilitate the orderly development of charity organizations, and improve the systems of registration and management of social organizations and of government buying services from them. |
| ——修改城市居民委员会组织法，加快制定或修改村委会组织法配套法规。推进居务、村务公开建设，促进居民、村民民主参与。 | -- Revising the Organic Law on Urban Residents' Committees, and accelerating the pace of formulating or amending supporting laws and regulations of the Organic Law on Villagers' Committees. Efforts shall be made to forge ahead with transparency of the work of urban residents' and villagers' committees, and encourage democratic participation by urban and rural residents. |
| ——健全以职工代表大会为基本形式的企事业单位民主管理制度。推进企事业单位信息公开制度化、规范化建设，保障职工的知情权，有效参与民主管理。 | -- Improving the system of democratic management of enterprises and public institutions in the form of employees' congresses. Efforts shall be made to press forward with institutionalization and normalization of information disclosure in enterprises and public institutions, and ensure employees' right to know and to participate in democratic management. |
| （五）表达权和监督权 | (5) Rights of expression and supervision |
| 扩展表达空间，丰富表达手段和渠道，健全权力运行制约和监督体系，依法保障公民的表达自由和民主监督权利。 | Giving more space to public opinion, increasing the means and channels of expression, improving the check and supervision system for the operation of power, and protecting in accordance with the law the citizens' rights of free expression and democratic supervision. |
| ——依法保障公民互联网言论自由。继续完善为网民发表言论的服务，重视互联网反映的社情民意。 | -- Protecting the citizens' freedom of speech on the Internet in accordance with the law. Services shall be further improved for netizens to express their opinions, and great store shall be set on social sentiments and public opinions as expressed on the Internet. |
| ——建立对各级国家机关违法行为投诉举报登记制度。畅通举报箱、电子信箱、热线电话等监督渠道，发挥社会监督的作用。 | -- Establishing a registration system for complaints about and reports of unlawful acts by state organs at all levels, smoothing out such supervisory channels as informants' letterbox, complaint e-mail and hotline, so as to give full play to public supervision. |
| ——完善信访工作制度，推进信访法治化。健全诉访分离工作机制和涉诉信访终结机制。推进集控告、举报、申诉、投诉、咨询、查询于一体的综合性受理平台建设，实行网上信访，依法分类处理信访诉求，保障公民合理、合法诉求依照法律规定和程序就能得到合理合法的结果。 | -- Improving the regulations regarding the people's complaints and promoting law-based handling of such complaints. Mechanisms shall be improved to separate litigations from complaints, and bring to conclusion all petitions relating to legal proceedings lodged by way of letters or personal visits to relevant government departments. A platform integrating accusation, offence reporting, appeal, complaint, consultation and search shall be built, online processing of complaints shall be encouraged, and complaints shall be classified and handled in accordance with the law. Citizens' rational and lawful appeals shall be resolved in accordance with legal provisions and procedures. |
| ——修改行政复议法，保障公民和社会组织通过申请行政复议对行政机关依法行政进行监督的权利。加大对公务员违法违纪行为的监察力度。 | -- Amending the Administrative Reconsideration Law, and protecting citizens' and social organizations' rights to supervise administrative bodies by applying for administrative reconsideration. Oversight shall be strengthened on civil servants' violations of law and discipline. |
| ——发挥报刊、广播、电视等传统媒体监督作用，加强传统媒体与互联网等新兴媒体的互动，重视运用和规范网络监督。依法保障新闻机构和从业人员的知情权、采访权、发表权、批评权、监督权。 | -- Giving full play to supervision by newspapers, magazines, radio, television and other types of traditional media, increasing the interaction between traditional media and new media like the Internet, and highlighting law-based online supervision. Protection in accordance with the law shall be extended to the rights of news agencies and their staff to information, interview, publication, criticism and supervision. |
| ——完善全国人大及其常委会宪法监督制度，健全宪法解释程序机制。加强备案审查制度和能力建设，把所有规范性文件纳入备案审查范围，依法撤销和纠正违宪违法的规范性文件。健全人大讨论、决定重大事项制度，各级政府重大决策出台前需向本级人大报告。 | -- Improving the system of constitutional supervision by the National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee, and the mechanism of procedures for the interpretation of the Constitution. The legislative recording and review system and capability building shall be improved, and all normative documents shall be brought into the scope of such recording and review. All normative documents that violate the Constitution or laws shall be abrogated or corrected. Systems shall be improved by which the people's congresses discuss and decide on major issues, and governments at all levels report to the people's congresses at the same level before making major policy decisions. |
| ——搭建政协协商平台，丰富协商内容和形式。以事关经济社会发展全局和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题为内容，开展广泛协商，完善民主监督的组织领导、权益保障、知情反馈、沟通协调机制。 | -- Building a platform of consultation for the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and enriching the contents and forms of consultation. Targeting issues bearing on overall social and economic development and the people's immediate interests, CPPCC will conduct extensive consultation. The mechanisms of organizing democratic supervision, safeguarding related rights and interests, providing feedbacks, and facilitating communication and coordination shall be improved. |
| ——完善审计监督。健全有利于依法独立行使审计监督权的审计管理体制，建立具有审计职业特点的审计人员管理制度，基本形成与国家治理体系和治理能力现代化相适应的审计监督机制。对公共资金、国有资产、国有资源和领导干部履行经济责任情况实行审计全覆盖。 | -- Improving auditing supervision. The auditing management system conducive to exercising the right of auditing supervision independently and in accordance with the law shall be improved, and an auditing personnel management system with distinctive professional features shall be established, so as to form a system of auditing supervision commensurate to the modernization of a national governance system and capacity. Full coverage of auditing shall be endeavored over public funds, state-owned assets and resources, as well as leading officials' performance of economic duties. |
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