《2016中国的航天》白皮书
White Paper: China's Space Activities in 2016
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| 二、2011年以来的主要进展 | II. Major Developments Since 2011 |
| 2011年以来，中国航天事业持续快速发展，自主创新能力显著增强，进入空间能力大幅提升，空间基础设施不断完善，载人航天、月球探测、北斗卫星导航系统、高分辨率对地观测系统等重大工程建设顺利推进，空间科学、空间技术、空间应用取得丰硕成果。 | Since 2011 China's space industry has witnessed rapid progress manifested by markedly enhanced capacity in independent innovation and access to outer space, constant improvement in space infrastructure, smooth implementation of major projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation System and high-resolution earth observation system, and substantial achievements in space science, technology and applications. |
| （一）航天运输系统 | 1.Space transportation system |
| 2011年以来，截至2016年11月，长征系列运载火箭共完成86次发射任务，将100多个航天器成功送入预定轨道，发射成功率达到97.67%，运载火箭的可靠性和高密度发射能力持续增强。中国最大运载能力新一代运载火箭“长征五号”成功首飞，实现中国液体运载火箭直径从3.35米到5米的跨越，大幅提升“长征”系列运载火箭运载能力，低轨运载能力达到25吨级，高轨运载能力达到14吨级，成为中国运载火箭升级换代的重要标志。120吨级液氧煤油发动机完成研制，应用该型发动机的“长征六号”“长征七号”新型运载火箭实现首飞，“长征十一号”固体运载火箭成功发射，运载火箭型谱进一步完善。 | From 2011 to November 2016 the Long March carrier rocket series completed 86 launch missions, sending over 100 spacecraft into target orbit with a success rate of 97.67 percent, indication of increasing effectiveness and high-density launching capability of carrier rockets. The Long March 5 (CZ-5), China's newest generation of carrier rockets with a maximum carrying capacity, made its maiden flight, and increased the diameter of liquid fuel rocket from 3.35 m to 5 m, with a maximum payload capacity of about 25 tons to low earth orbit and about 14 tons to geostationary transfer orbit, significantly improving the carrying capacity of the Long March rocket family and becoming a symbol of the upgrading of China's carrier rockets. The development of the 120-ton liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was test fired, which powered Long March 6 and Long March 7 on their maiden flights. The Long March 11, a solid-fuel carrier rocket, also made a successful maiden launch, further enriching the Long March rocket family. |
| （二）人造地球卫星 | 2. Man-made satellites |
| 1.对地观测卫星。“风云”“海洋”“资源”“高分”“遥感”“天绘”等卫星系列和“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座”进一步完善。“风云”系列气象卫星已形成极轨卫星上、下午星组网观测，静止卫星“多星在轨、统筹运行、互为备份、适时加密”的业务格局。“海洋二号”卫星实现对海面高度、海浪和海面风场等海洋动力参数的全天时、全天候、高精度综合观测。“资源一号”02C星成功发射、“资源三号”01、02立体测绘卫星实现双星组网和业务化运行。高分辨率对地观测系统建设全面推进，“高分二号”卫星实现亚米级光学遥感探测，“高分三号”合成孔径雷达卫星分辨率达到1米，“高分四号”卫星是中国首颗地球同步轨道高分辨率对地观测卫星。“环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座”C星投入运行。采用星箭一体化设计的“快舟一号”“快舟二号”成功发射，提升了空间应急响应能力。“吉林一号”高分辨率商业遥感卫星成功发射并投入商业运营。 | (1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of "multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time." The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China's first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China's emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service. |
| 2.通信广播卫星。全面推进固定通信、移动通信、数据中继卫星系统建设。“亚太”“中星”等系列通信卫星成功发射，固定业务卫星通信保障体系基本建成，覆盖中国国土及全球重点地区。首颗移动通信卫星“天通一号”成功发射。建成由三颗“天链一号”卫星组成的第一代数据中继卫星系统。星地激光链路高速通信试验取得圆满成功。“东方红五号”超大型通信卫星平台研制进展顺利。 | (2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China's territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China's first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly. |
| 3.导航卫星。北斗二号系统全面建成，完成14颗北斗导航卫星发射组网，正式向亚太地区用户提供定位、测速、授时、广域差分和短报文通信服务。北斗全球系统建设正在顺利推进。 | (3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou's global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction. |
| 4.新技术试验卫星。成功发射“实践九号”系列卫星等技术试验卫星，为新技术验证提供了重要手段。 | (4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies. |
| （三）载人航天 | 3. Manned spaceflight |
| 2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九号”和“神舟十号”载人飞船先后成功发射，与“天宫一号”目标飞行器分别实施自动和手控交会对接，标志着中国全面突破了空间交会对接技术，载人天地往返运输系统首次应用性飞行取得圆满成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宫二号”空间实验室和“神舟十一号”载人飞船先后成功发射，形成组合体并稳定运行，开展了较大规模的空间科学实验与技术试验，突破掌握了航天员中期驻留、地面长时间任务支持和保障等技术。目前，中国已突破掌握载人天地往返、空间出舱、空间交会对接、组合体运行、航天员中期驻留等载人航天领域重大技术。 | In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016 the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts' mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts' mid-term stay in orbit. |
| （四）深空探测 | 4. Deep space exploration |
| 2012年12月，“嫦娥二号”月球探测器成功实施图塔蒂斯小行星飞越探测。2013年12月，“嫦娥三号”月球探测器首次实现中国航天器在地外天体软着陆，完成月球表面巡视探测。2014年11月，月球探测工程三期再入返回飞行试验圆满成功，标志着中国完全掌握航天器以接近第二宇宙速度再入返回的关键技术。 | In December 2012 the Chang'e-2 lunar probe made a successful observation trip over asteroid 4179 (Toutatis). In December 2013 the Chang'e-3 realized the first soft landing on the surface of an extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014 China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity. |
| 通过月球探测工程任务的实施，获取了高分辨率全月球影像图和虹湾区域高清晰影像，开展了月球形貌、月球结构构造、月面物质成分、月表环境和近月空间环境等研究以及月基天文观测等。 | The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation. |
| （五）航天发射场 | 5. Space launch sites |
| 2016年6月，文昌航天发射场首次执行航天发射任务，标志着中国自主设计建造、绿色生态环保、技术创新跨越的新一代航天发射场正式投入使用。开展酒泉、太原、西昌三个发射场适应性改造，基本形成沿海内陆相结合、高低纬度相结合、各种射向范围相结合的航天发射场布局，能够满足载人飞船、空间站核心舱、深空探测器以及各类卫星的发射需求。 | In June 2016 the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites. |
| （六）航天测控 | 6. Space Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) |
| “天链一号”数据中继卫星系列实现全球组网运行，“远望七号”航天远洋测量船成功首航，深空测控站建成使用，中国航天测控布局不断优化，形成陆海天基一体、功能多样、规模适度的航天测控网，航天器飞行控制综合能力不断提升，圆满完成“神舟”系列飞船、“天宫一号”目标飞行器、“嫦娥”系列月球探测器以及地球轨道卫星等为代表的各项航天测控任务。 | The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually improved, completing the TT&C missions of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, Tiangong-1 target spacecraft, Chang'e lunar probe series and earth orbit satellites. |
| （七）空间应用 | 7. Space applications |
| 1.对地观测卫星应用。对地观测卫星地面系统和应用体系不断完善，应用领域深化拓展，应用水平日益提升，应用效益持续提高。陆地、海洋、大气卫星数据地面接收站基本实现统筹建设与运行，形成高低轨道相结合、国内外合理布局的卫星数据地面接收能力；统筹建设地面数据处理系统、共性应用支撑平台、多层次网络相结合的数据分发体系，数据处理、存档、分发、服务和定量化应用能力大幅提升。行业应用系统建设全面推进，基本建成18个行业和2个区域应用示范系统，设立26个省级数据与应用中心。建立高分辨率对地观测系统应用综合信息服务共享平台，对地观测卫星数据已广泛应用于行业、区域、公众服务等领域，为经济社会发展提供重要支撑。 | (1) Application of earth observation satellites. The ground system and applications of earth observation satellites are improving, the fields and levels in which these satellites are used are expanding and the application benefits are growing. The ground stations receiving data from land, ocean and meteorological observation satellites are operating based on comprehensive planning, a satellite data ground network with the capacity of receiving data from high- and low-orbit satellites and reasonable arrangement at home and abroad. China has also established, based on comprehensive planning, a ground data processing system for earth observation satellites, common application supporting platform, and multi-level network data distribution system, greatly increasing its ability in data processing, archiving, distribution, services provision and quantitative applications. Industrial application system building is in full swing, having completed 18 industrial and two regional application demonstration systems, and set up 26 provincial-level data and application centers. An integrated information service sharing platform for a high-resolution earth observation system has been built. Earth observation satellite data is now widely used in industrial, regional and public services for economic and social development. |
| 2.通信广播卫星应用。通信卫星测控站、信关站、上行站、标校场等地面设施不断完善，建成一定规模、能够满足相关业务需要的卫星通信网和卫星广播电视传输网，卫星通信服务能力进一步增强，在广播电视、远程教育、远程医疗等领域发挥重大作用，卫星应急通信为防汛抗旱、抢险救灾、重大突发事件处置提供重要支撑。 | (2) Application of communications and broadcasting satellites. The ground facilities such as TT&C station, gateway station, uplink station and calibration field of communications satellites have been improved. A satellite communications network and satellite radio and TV network of adequate scale to meet the needs of certain services have been built, further improving the communications service ability. These applications play an important role in radio and television services, distance education and telemedicine. The emergency satellite communications system has provided important support for the fight against flood and drought, for rescue and relief work, and for handling major emergencies. |
| 3.导航卫星应用。北斗系统服务精度和可靠性大幅提高，构建形成自主可控、完整成熟的北斗产业链以及北斗产业保障、应用推进和创新三大体系，广泛应用于交通运输、海洋渔业、水文监测、气象预报、测绘地理信息、森林防火、通信时统、电力调度、救灾减灾、应急搜救等领域，逐步渗透到人类社会生产和人们生活的方方面面，为全球经济和社会发展注入新的活力。 | (3) Application of navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has significantly improved its accuracy and reliability, bringing into play an independent, controllable, complete and mature Beidou industrial chain and the three systems of Beidou industrial guarantee, application promotion and innovation. The Beidou Navigation System is widely used in transportation, maritime fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, time synchronization of communication, power dispatching, disaster reduction and relief and emergency rescue, influencing all aspects of people's life and production, and injecting new vitality into global economic and social development. |
| 4.航天技术成果转化应用。“互联网+卫星应用”新业态孕育发展，为大众生活提供更加优质便利的服务。通过航天技术成果的二次开发和转化应用，为国民经济相关行业提供优质产品和服务，支撑和带动新材料、智能制造、电子信息等相关领域发展。 | (4) Transformation and application of space technology. A new business model featuring the Internet plus satellite applications is coming into being, providing more convenient and high-quality services to the public. Secondary development, transformation and applications of space technology make possible the provision of high-quality products and services to relevant industries, and help to support and propel the development of new materials, intelligent manufacturing and electronic information, among others. |
| （八）空间科学 | 8. Space science |
| 1.空间科学卫星。成功发射暗物质粒子探测、“实践十号”、量子科学实验等空间科学卫星，为前沿科学研究提供重要手段。 | (1) Space science satellites. China has successfully launched the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10 and Quantum Science Experiment Satellite, offering important means for frontier scientific research. |
| 2.空间环境下的科学实验。利用空间科学卫星、“嫦娥”探测器、“神舟”系列飞船和“天宫一号”目标飞行器等，开展一系列空间科学实验研究，深化了空间微重力和强辐射条件下生物生长、材料制备等机理的认识，取得了一批有影响力的研究成果。 | (2) Space environment scientific experiments. China has carried out a series of space science experiments using space science satellites, Chang'e lunar probe, Shenzhou spacecraft series and Tiangong-1 target aircraft, deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biological growth and materials preparation under the conditions of space microgravity and intense radiation, and achieving some influential research findings. |
| 3.空间环境探测与预报。利用空间科学卫星、“神舟”系列飞船等，积累空间环境主要参数及其效应数据，为航天器安全运行提供空间环境监测与预报服务。 | (3) Space environment detection and forecast. China has identified the space environment's major parameters and effects using space science satellites and the Shenzhou spacecraft series to provide space environmental monitoring and forecasting services for the safe operation of spacecraft. |
| （九）空间碎片 | 9. Space debris |
| 空间碎片监测、预警、减缓及防护技术体系逐步完善，标准规范体系不断健全。空间碎片监测预警实现业务化运行，为在轨航天器安全运行提供有力保障；防护设计技术取得突破，开展航天器空间碎片防护工程应用；全面实施“长征”系列运载火箭末级钝化，对废弃航天器采取有效离轨处置措施，切实保护空间环境。 | China has improved the monitoring and mitigation of and early warning and protection against space debris. It has also enhanced standards and regulations in this regard. The monitoring of and early warning against space debris have been put into regular operation, ensuring the safe operation of spacecraft in orbit. China has also made breakthroughs in protection design technologies, applying them to the protection projects of spacecraft against space debris. In addition, all Long March carrier rockets have upper stage passivation, and discarded spacecraft are moved out of orbit to protect the space environment. |
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