换一种语言读金庸(十二)

 
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作者:王晓辉

法国博物学家Buffon说过:Le style, c'est I'homme,译成英文就是Style is the man,也就是中国人常说的“文如其人”。越是风格鲜明的作家,作品中越会表现出强烈的个人色彩。庄子的孤傲,屈原的哀感,杜甫的沉郁,李白的飘逸,都可以从“文如其人”这四个字中找到答案,金庸也不例外。

金庸风趣幽默,热衷美食,喜欢围棋,善打麻将,这些性格特点和爱好在他的作品中得到了充分的体现。《天龙八部》中的珍珑棋局,《射雕》中黄蓉为洪七公烹制的美食,《鹿鼎记》中韦小宝给东海小岛取名“通吃岛”,都说明金庸是个中高手。

《鹿鼎记》第四十六回,韦小宝奉康熙皇帝之命,与水师提督施朗率船队攻打神龙岛,施朗拍韦小宝的马屁,请他给即将安营扎寨的小岛取个名字。聪明好赌的韦小宝稍加思索,就想出了“通吃岛”这个又滑稽又吉利的名字:

“要我取名字,那可是要了我的老命了。嗯,这次我坐庄,你是我下手的拆角,咱们推牌九,总得把神龙岛吃个一干二净不可。这小岛就叫通吃岛吧。”读到这里,我仿佛透过韦小宝看到了背后金庸那顽童一般得意的笑脸。

闵福德(John Minford)的英译:

'That is the island where you are to make camp, Colonel. The place has no name as yet; I thought perhaps you might like to give it one.' Trinket scratched his head.

'I've never been much good at things like names. In fact I am not much good with words at all. Let's think though. What am I any good at? Cards? All right. Suppose we are playing a game of cards, I am the dealer, you're the fellow to my left, I win, I clean you out... I know! That's it! The main object of our "game" is to wipe out those Dragons, to make a clean sweep of Snake Island. Why not call this place Sweep Island? No, that's not good... Well, what about food? I like food. Suppose that is a meal. After all, war is a bit like a meal. Then, the whole object of the exercise is to eat the Dragons! We'll swallow them whole! Just much up whatever comes our way. Take pot luck -- that's it! Let's call it Potluck Island. Not bad! Don't you think?'

对比原文和英译,我们不难发现英译比原文内容多了很多,闵福德(John Minford)几乎是按照原文的逻辑重写了一遍。这是为什么呢?原因就在于中文里不论是战争还是麻将或者是围棋,都说吃掉对方,如吃掉敌人一个团,吃掉对手一条大龙等等,因此很自然就过渡到“通吃”。而英文则不然,无法由推牌九直接联系到“通吃”,所以闵福德不得不用韦小宝的口吻加了几句,真地说到了“吃”,这才勉强过渡到“通吃”:“吃饭嘛,我倒是喜欢。假如这是一个宴席,对了,其实打仗就跟吃宴席一样,我们出兵的目的就是灭了神龙岛,就像是吃百乐宴,遇上什么吃什么,一口吃掉!哎,就叫‘通吃岛’好了!”

闵福徳费尽心思,几经周折和铺垫,才将这“通吃”二字译为potluck。Potluck 是一种松散的聚餐形式,也叫百乐宴,参与者自带食物,众人分享,可以将每个人带来的饭菜都品一遍,也算得上“通吃”。这个选择也很符合韦小宝呼朋引类好赌成性的性格特征,真是难为闵福德了。说到底,还是中国人把一个“吃”字用得太广泛,太活泛,太出神入化了,几乎所有的事情都能与吃联系起来:下功夫叫吃苦,受重视叫吃香,人缘好叫吃得开,被拒绝叫吃闭门羹,受连累叫吃瓜落,靠女人过日子叫吃软饭,占女人便宜叫吃豆腐,凡此种种,不一而足。翻译中遇到此类情况,只能意译,或增译(如上例),或省译,总之,千万不可硬译。闵福德教授数十年的翻译生涯,积累了丰富的经验,在语言转换的处理方法上,很值得我们学习和借鉴。

再看另一个例子。还是《鹿鼎记》,第二回中,韦小宝初遇草莽英雄茅十八:

那人微微一笑,说道:“你即当我做朋友,我便不能瞒你,我姓茅,茅草的茅,不是毛毛虫的毛,排行第十八。茅十八便是我了。”

闵福德英译:

The man smiled. 'Since you have treated me as a friend, I will not tell you a lie. My family name is Mao, and as I am the eighteenth of that name in my generation, I am often called Eighteen. But people usually call me Whiskers.'

这里最具中国特色的就是“茅草的茅,不是毛毛虫的毛”这一句,只有懂中文的人才知道这是同音字的借用,如果一定要翻译,可能要花上好几句,外国读者还是未必能懂。

韦小宝得知眼前的茅十八是个官府通缉的江洋大盗,心中顿生惺惺相惜之感:

“怕什么?江洋大盗又打什么紧?《水浒传》上林冲、武松那些英雄好汉,也都是江洋大盗。”

闵福德英译:

‘So what if you are a Notorious Brigand. So were the Outlaws of the Marsh -- and they are my heroes!'

闵福德省略了林冲和武松的翻译,使英文更加明白晓畅。其实,即便把这两个名字翻译出来,对外国读者来说也没有什么实际意义,反倒成了一碗白米饭中的两颗沙子,影响他们的理解。如果还要解释清楚这两个人是谁,不仅需要篇幅,更有可能会节外生枝,纠缠不清。

一个出色的翻译,不仅要有语言和文化的修为,还要善于取舍,懂得增减,这样,才能使翻译忠实原文,圆润通畅,浑然一体。

我在上一篇文章中提到了《红楼梦》第四十一回,妙玉给贾母献茶,所用的茶具是一个“海棠花式雕漆填金云龙献寿的小茶盘,里面放了一个成窑五彩小盖钟”。有好学的朋友看到并电话详询如何翻译成英文。区区在下,哪里有这个本事?其实,有霍克斯(David Hawks)、杨宪益和戴乃迭的译文摆在那里,我们只要膜拜、欣赏和学习就足够了。

霍克斯译文:

It was a cinque-lobed lacquer tea-tray decorated with a gold-infilled engraving of a cloud dragon coiled round the character for 'longevity'. On it stood a little covered tea-cup of Cheng Hua enameled porcelain. 

杨宪益译文:

Pao-yu watched the proceedings carefully. He saw Miaoyu bring out in her own hands a carved lacquer tea-tray in the shape of crab-apple blossom, inlaid with a golden design of the "cloud dragon offering longevity." On this was a covered gilded polychrome bowl made in the Cheng Hua period, which she offered to the Lady Dowager.

两位翻译大师选用词汇不同,但都非常准确的描述了妙玉手中的这套茶具——海棠花式雕漆填金云龙献寿的小茶盘,里面放了一个成窑五彩小盖钟。如果说有差别,似乎霍克斯的翻译更注重器物的形象,而杨宪益则更关注文化涵义。以“海棠花式”为例,对于中国人来说,海棠花有富贵长寿的寓意,曹雪芹安排妙玉用这个茶盘给贾母敬茶应该是有所考虑的,所以杨宪益将其译为in the shape of crab-apple blossom,保留了海棠花文化涵义;而作为西方人的霍克斯则希望能够更准确地向外国读者描述这个盘子到底是个什么样子,所以他用cinque-lobed(五瓣梅的形状)这一组合词,更直观,更具体。对“云龙献寿”一词的处理也能看出两位译者角度的不同。霍克斯明确地告诉读者那是一条云中的龙蟠着一个寿字(a cloud dragon coiled round the character of 'longevity'),而杨宪益的译文则突出了“献寿”的意思(inlaid with a golden design of the "cloud dragon offering longevity"),将“云龙献寿”作为一个设计式样翻译出来。

霍克斯与杨宪益都是翻译界的泰斗,他们的译文,如春兰秋菊,各擅胜场,不分伯仲,只是角度和侧重点有所不同而已。作为后学晚辈,面对大师的作品,只能高山仰止。尽管仰得脖子发酸,偶尔能有所收获,心中还是会漾起满满的幸福感。

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