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《三国演义》英译品读(十九)

 
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作者:王晓辉

《三国演义》的叙事,起于汉灵帝建宁二年(169年),止于晋武帝太康元年(280年),一百余年间的社会历史事件,以魏、蜀、吴争雄为主线,生动再现了三国的政治、军事、外交的斗争过程。若论事件之繁、人物之众、空间之广、头绪之多,在中国古代文学史中,恐怕没有哪一部作品能与《三国演义》相提并论。

如此众多复杂的事件和人物,如果平铺直叙,一定会显得冗长乏味。如何解决这个问题呢?罗贯中采用了一个非常聪明的方法,那就是使用包括榜文、诏书、檄文、表奏、策论、书信在内的应用文,把人物和事件联系起来,使纷繁复杂的情节连缀成一个有机的故事整体,有条不紊地铺展开来。书信不仅能够有效地交代背景,还能跨越空间距离,让情节一下子“立” 了起来。

【配图:彭靖雯】

从语言的角度来看,《三国演义》属于浅近的文言文,其中的诏、表、书信等,有的取自史书,有的是作者根据情节创作,但在语言上都十分讲究。例如,《三国演义》第二十六回,袁本初损兵折将,关云长挂印封金。当关羽知道刘备在河北袁绍处之后,不顾曹操的挽留,将其所赠金银尽数封存,把汉寿亭侯的印悬于堂上,只带从人及随身行李,保护刘备的两位夫人,去往河北寻找刘备。临行前,关羽留下一封书信辞谢曹操:

“羽少事皇叔,誓同生死;皇天后土,实闻斯言。前者下邳失守,所请三事,已蒙恩诺。今探知故主现在袁绍军中,回思昔日之盟,岂容违背?新恩虽厚,旧义难忘。兹特奉书告辞,伏惟照察。其有余恩未报,愿以俟之异日。”

这封不足百字的短信,干脆利落,情理兼备,四字结构所产生的顿挫感,更让关羽忠义勇武的形象跃然纸上。

罗慕士的译文:In my youth I undertook to serve the imperial uncle, vowing to share with him both life and death. Radiant Heaven and fertile earth bore witness to the oath. When I lost my command at Xiapi, I received your gracious consent to my three demands. Now I have discovered that my first liege is in the army of Yuan Shao. Our covenant is ever in my thoughts; to betray it is unthinkable. Despite the great favor you have bestowed on me of late, this original bond must be honored. I hereby deliver this letter to announce my departure, presuming to hope that you may consider it. For whatever benefaction I may yet remain in your debt, kindly defer the accounting until some future day.

罗慕士的译文是典型的word-to-word translation,但又最大限度地保留了原文的意思和韵味,这是只有大高手才能达到的境界。“誓同生死”也可译为pledged myself to share his fortunes,但程度却远未达到vowing to share with him both life and death。“皇天后土”,一般词典的解释都是heaven and earth,罗慕士却严丝合缝地译为radiant heaven and fertile earth。甚至连“已蒙恩诺”中的一个“恩”字,罗慕士都不会放过,在consent前面加上了gracious。最后一句,“其有余恩未报,愿以俟之异日”,最为关键,也为后来华容道关羽义释曹操打下了伏笔。For whatever benefaction I may yet remain in your debt, kindly defer the accounting until some future day。罗慕士的译文是标准的书面语,如果简单地译为I'll repay your kindness (favor) in the future,就成了“欠你的人情以后再还吧”。这样一来,未免显得过于轻率,表现不出关羽大丈夫一诺千金的郑重。

第四十三回,诸葛亮舌战群儒,鲁子敬力排众议。曹操致信孙权,邀其出兵,共同征讨刘备:

“孤近承帝命,奉词伐罪。旄麾南指,刘琮束手;荆襄之民,望风归顺。今统雄兵百万,上将千员,欲与将军会猎于江夏,共伐刘备,同分土地,永结盟好。幸勿观望,速赐回音。”

曹操击败袁绍,统一了北方,开始把目光投向江东孙权和荆州的刘备。这封信虽然是邀请孙权共伐刘备,但语气中还是流露出胜券在握、不容置疑的霸气。

罗慕士的译文:Under a recent imperial mandate, I have authority to act against state criminals. Our banners tilted southward; Liu Zong bound his hands in submission. The populace of Jingzhou, sensing the direction of events, has transferred its allegiance to us. We have one million hardy warriors and a thousand able generals. We propose that you join us, General, in a hunting expedition to Jiangxia in order to strike the decisive blow against Liu. Then, sharing the territory between us, we may seal an everlasting amity. Please do not hesitate but favor us with a speedy reply.

曹操的这封书信,属于高级别的官方文书,行文非常正式。64个字的短信,基本上都是四字结构,而且“雄兵百万,上将千员”和“同分土地,永结盟好”都属于对偶句子,读起来琅琅上口,铿锵有力。罗慕士的译文也采用了非常典雅正式的文体,与原文体裁十分契合。“旄麾南指”直译为our banners tilted southward,英语读者应该毫无障碍地理解为“大军南下”;“刘琮束手”,罗慕士在Liu Zong bound his hands后面加上了in submission,完美地诠释出了“束手就擒”的意思,形式上也与原文最为接近。“望风归顺”中的“风”可不是wind,而是指“形势”或者“对方的气势”,罗慕士在这里将“望风归顺”译为sensing the direction of events, has transferred its allegiance to us,即荆州的民众看到了大势所趋,转而归顺。

巧合的是1962年,杨宪益和戴乃迭在外文出版社的英语期刊Chinese Literature(《中国文学》)上发表了标题为The Battle of the Red Cliff(《赤壁之战》)的《三国演义》翻译节选,其中就有这一章节。杨宪益先生的译文是这样的:At the emperor's command, I have led my army south to punish the guilty. Liu Tsung has been captured, his people have surrendered, and I now command a force of a million picked men and a thousand able generals. I hope you will join me, general, in a hunting expedition at Chianghsia to attack Liu Pei, so that we can divide his territory between us and pledge everlasting friendship. Do not hesitate, but give me an early reply!

杨先生把“孤近承帝命,奉词伐罪。旄麾南指”合成一句翻译:At the emperor's command, I have led my army south to punish the guilty;将“刘琮束手;荆襄之民,望风归顺”合成一句:Liu Tsung has been captured, his people have surrendered,用最简单的文字,向外国读者传递最基本的信息——刘琮被抓了,百姓投降了。杨先生的翻译一贯简洁明了,有时甚至省译一些他认为会影响读者理解的元素。在翻译这封信时,杨先生采用了意译的方法,省略了“旄麾南指”“荆襄之民”“望风”“束手”“幸”“赐”等语汇。对于只希望了解《三国演义》故事情节的西方读者来说,也许杨先生的翻译策略更为有效,但从文化传播的角度来说,罗慕士的译文传递的信息似乎更加丰富。以最后一句为例,“幸勿观望,速赐回音”,其中含有“幸”和“赐”两个表示敬意的词,罗慕士的翻译是Please do not hesitate but favor us with a speedy reply,保留了原文措辞的敬意。杨先生省略了两个表敬的词汇,意思虽然没有变,但语气却大不相同了。

《三国演义》小说中还有很多书信是作者为丰富情节和突出人物性格而创作的,如第六十五回(马超大战葭萌关 刘备自领益州牧),关羽听说张飞战马超不分胜负,便派关平来见刘备,提出要入蜀与马超一决高下。刘备大惊曰:“若云长入蜀,与孟起比试,势不两立。”孔明曰:“无妨。亮自作书回之。”

诸葛亮给关羽的信是这样写的:

“亮闻将军欲与孟起分别高下。以亮度之:孟起虽雄烈过人,亦乃黥布、彭越之徒耳;当与翼德并驱争先,犹未及美髯公之绝伦超群也。今公受任守荆州,不为不重;倘一入川,若荆州有失。罪莫大焉。惟冀明照。”

诸葛亮洞悉人性,深知关羽自视甚高、争勇好胜的性格,所以,先把关羽狠狠地夸赞了一番,说马超再厉害,也就和张飞差不多,哪能与你相提并论呢?再说了,荆州事大,离不开你啊!果然,云长看毕,自绰其髯笑曰:“孔明知我心也。”将书遍示宾客,遂无入川之意。

我们来看看罗慕士是怎样翻译这封信的。

Lord Guan unsealed the letter, which read:

I understand you wish a trial with Ma Chao. In my judgment, although Ma Chao is a fiercer warrior than most, he belongs in the category of Ying Bu and Peng Yue. He might prove the equal of your worthy brother, Yide, but could hardly compare with the unique and incomparable ability of our Long-Bearded Lord. Your present governorship of Jingzhou is no slight responsibility. If you came here and Jingzhou were lost, it would be the gravest offense. Please favor us with your discernment.

古人写信常用“亮闻”“窃闻”或“余尝闻”来开头,翻译成英文就是“I understand”“I heard”或者“I learned”。“分别高下”就是比武,罗慕士用“trial”来翻译,十分恰当,trial是个体育用语,意思是“选拔赛”,牛津字典的解释是a competition or series of tests to find the best players for a sports team or an important event。黥布、彭越是汉高祖刘邦手下的猛将,在此不必多解释,读者从上下文的逻辑可以判断出是什么意思。成语“绝伦超群”同义词有很多,如:卓尔不群、出类拔萃、无与伦比、鹤立鸡群等等,英语翻译出来都差不多,梁实秋《远东汉英大词典》给出的解释是surpassing all others; incomparable above everything,罗慕士为了让句子更平衡,译成the unique and incomparable ability。“美髯公”在《三国演义》中是关公的专属称谓,不是一般意义上的an old gentleman with a flowing beard,所以,罗慕士将其翻译为Long-Bearded Lord。“不为不重”属于汉语中“正话反说”现象,意思就是“很重”“很大”,从相反的方向陈述,起到了强调作用。英语中也有类似的表达方式,如“My friends helped me in no small way”和“This is no small challenge”,所以,罗慕士将“公受任守荆州,不为不重”非常圆润地转换为your present governorship of Jingzhou is no slight responsibility,与原文契合度极高。

《三国演义》小说中有172封书信、63道表奏以及大量的诏书、策文、檄文等,不仅让纷繁复杂的事件得以有效地连缀,而且极大地丰富了小说的情节。应用文体的使用是《三国演义》的一大特色,认真品读,对于深入理解小说中所描写的历史事件极有帮助,对照杨宪益、戴乃迭、邓罗和罗慕士等翻译大家的译文来学习,更是另一种快乐。

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