作者:王晓辉
老子和太上老君究竟是什么关系?很多人认为老子就是太上老君,其实不然。老子是真实的历史人物,太上老君则是神化了的老子。
老子姓李名耳,字聃,出生在春秋末年楚国苦县厉乡曲仁里,曾任周朝守藏室之史。古人称有学问的人为“子”,类似我们今天所说的“先生”或“老师”,如孔子、庄子、荀子、孙子。可是,老子姓李,为什么没有被称为“李子”,却成了“老子”呢?传说中,老子的妈妈怀他整整七十二年才把他生下来,一出生就已经是白头发的老人家了,所以,他妈妈便把这个小老头叫“老子”。耄耋之年的高龄产妇生了一个古稀之年的老儿子,谁说中国人没有想象力!
这个说法儿只可当作茶余饭后的谈资,一笑了之。老子之所以被称为“老子”,或者是由于他寿命长,或者是由于他学问大,或者他真的很显老。总之,这位老先生的出现,标志着中国哲学的诞生,他的《道德经》也成为了哲学思想的经典。司马迁《史记》记载,孔子曾向老子请教关于礼的问题,听了老子的讲论,回去后对弟子说:“…… 至于龙吾不能知,其乘风云而上天。吾今日见老子,其犹龙邪!” 孔子如此评价,足以说明老子在当时学术界的地位。
也许人们不愿意接受这样一位了不起的人物以平常人的方式离开这个世界,于是为他设计了一个非常浪漫的遁世方式。据汉代刘向《列仙传》记载,老子西游过函谷关,负责守关的官员尹喜见有紫气浮关,便知有贵人经过,果然,老子骑青牛而至。这就是成语“紫气东来”的典故。尹喜是个有见识的人,知道老子的名头和学问,于是软磨硬泡,非要老子留下文章著作。老子没办法,只好在函谷关停留了几天,写下了一篇五千字的《道德经》,然后骑着青牛飘然而去。
再往后,关于老子的记载和传说越来越玄了,他的身份也一路演变,从周守藏室之史到道家始祖,最后成了高级别的神仙太上老君。
《西游记》中太上老君似乎是一个社会活动很多的活跃人物,又是讲道,又是炼丹,还要帮助玉皇大帝捉拿大闹天宫的孙悟空,与清静无为的“道祖”形象相去甚远。
【配图:彭靖雯】
《西游记》第五回,孙悟空偷吃了蟠桃,偷喝了御酒,迷迷瞪瞪走到了兜率宫里,把太上老君好不容易炼得的仙丹像吃花生米一样吃了个干干净净。悟空返回花果山,天兵天将也奈何他不得,观音菩萨向玉皇大帝推荐二郎真君来捉拿孙猴儿。二郎神和孙悟空斗得旗鼓相当,不分胜负,于是观音菩萨和太上老君就商量如何利用高空抛物去打孙悟空。
老君道:“菩萨将甚兵器?怎么助他?”菩萨道:“我将那净瓶杨柳抛下去,打那猴头;即不能打死,也打个一跌,教二郎小圣,好去拿他。”老君道:“你这瓶是个磁器,准打着他便好,如打不着他的头,或撞着他的铁棒,却不打碎了?你且莫动手,等我老君助他一功。”菩萨道:“你有什么兵器?”老君道:“有,有,有。”捋起衣袖,左膊上,取下一个圈子,说道:“这件兵器,乃锟钢抟炼的,被我将还丹点成,养就一身灵气,善能变化,水火不侵,又能套诸物;一名‘金钢琢’,又名‘金钢套’。当年过函关,化胡为佛,甚是亏他。早晚最可防身。等我丢下去打他一下。”话毕,自天门上往下一掼,滴流流,径落花果山营盘里,可可的着猴王头上一下。猴王只顾苦战七圣,却不知天上坠下这兵器,打中了天灵,立不稳脚,跌了一跤,爬将起来就跑,被二郎爷爷的细犬赶上,照腿肚子上一口,又扯了一跌。他睡倒在地,骂道:“这个亡人!你不去妨家长,却来咬老孙!”急翻身爬不起来,被七圣一拥按住,即将绳索捆绑,使勾刀穿了琵琶骨,再不能变化。
这段故事,在《西游记》小说和电视连续剧以及动画片《大闹天宫》中,都是精彩片段。我们先来看看詹纳尔教授的翻译再接着讨论。
"What weapon would you use, Bodhisattva? How could you help him?" Lao Zi asked. "I'll drop that pure vase of willow twigs on the monkey's head. Even if it doesn't kill him it will knock him off balance and enable the Little Sage to catch him." "That vase of yours is made of porcelain," Lao Zi replied, "and if you hit the target that will be fine. But if it were to miss his head and smash into his iron club, it would be shattered. Just hold your hand while I give him a little help." "What sort of weapon do you have?" the Bodhisattva asked, and Lord Lao Zi replied, "I've got one all right." He pulled up his sleeve and took a bracelet off his right arm. "This weapon," he said, "is made of tempered steel to which I have added the magic elixir. It preserves my miraculous essence, can transform itself, is proof against fire and water, and can snare anything. One of its names is Diamond Jade and the other is Diamond Noose. When I went out through the Han Pass some years ago to turn into a foreigner and become a Buddha, I have a great deal to thank it for. It's the best protection at any time. Just watch while I throw it down and hit him."
As soon as he had finished speaking he threw it down from outside the heavenly gate, and it fell into the camp on the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit, hitting the Monkey King neatly on the head. The Monkey King was too preoccupied with fighting the seven sages to notice this weapon falling on him from heaven, and when it struck him on the forehead he lost his balance and stumbled, then picked himself up and started to run. The slim dog of the god Erlang caught him up and bit him in the calf, bringing him down again. As he lay on the ground he cursed at the dog. "You don't bother your own master, damn you; why pick on me to bite?" He rolled over and tried unsuccessfully to get up, but the seven sages all held him down, roped him up, and put a sickle-shaped blade round his collar-bone to prevent him from making any more transformations.
这一段英文虽然长了一些,但读起来还是非常生动的。太上老君的名字,詹纳尔教授翻译成Lord Lao Zi, 用了他成仙之前的名字,把老君的“君”译成lord,也很贴切。余国藩教授将太上老君译为Most High Laozi,突出了“太上”,但在叙事过程中都简称为Laozi。观音菩萨的翻译不必纠结,从梵文直译成Bodhisattva即可。
太上老君的宝贝金刚琢,是由锟钢炼就的,又点了仙丹,所以有灵气,善变化,不惧水火。所谓锟钢就是淬火钢,现在老百姓打菜刀的钢都是锟钢,但在古代却属于高科技产品,英文是tempered steel。“将还丹点成”估计就是加了些新的配方,所以,詹纳尔教授把“将还丹点成”翻译成added the magic elixir,意思是加了炼金药。“水火不侵”指金刚琢不惧水火,但转换成英文时要注意,不要用fear,因为fear是情感或感觉类的词汇,而金刚琢只是个物件儿,所以,詹纳尔教授用proof against fire and water,既防火又防水。
这段话中最值得我们注意的是太上老君提到的“化胡为佛”(to turn into a foreigner and become a Buddha)。老子化胡为佛的说法源自西晋道士王浮所撰《老子化胡经》,主要内容是老子出函谷关,西行天竺,化身为释迦牟尼,创立佛教。 这样一来,佛教就比道教矮了一辈儿。《老子化胡经》是为了抬高道教贬低佛教所作的“伪经”。晋朝时期佛道斗争激烈,王浮的这种做法,属于典型的非公平竞争的手段。唐高宗、唐中宗都将其列为禁书,元世祖也曾下令焚毁,但在民间,老子化胡的说法依然很流行,这说明道家的确很擅长公关宣传。
天兵天将虽然捉住了孙悟空,但刀劈斧剁雷击火烧都奈何他不得,于是,太上老君又将孙悟空放到八卦炉中,用文武之火炼了七七四十九天。老君的想法是把孙悟空炼化了,好找回被他偷吃的金丹。可是,孙悟空不仅没有被炼化,反而炼成了一双“火眼金睛”。
火眼金睛的英文怎么翻译呢?我们把詹纳尔教授和余国藩教授的翻译列在这里,供大家参考。
Fire eyes with golden pupils (詹纳尔译)
Fiery Eyes and Diamond Pupils (余国藩译)
两位的译法非常相近,只不过余国藩教授将“金睛”翻译成了“钻石睛”(diamond pupils),比詹纳尔教授翻译的golden pupils更贵重一些。
虽然太上老君最初没少跟孙悟空作对,但在后来唐僧师徒取经的过程中却也没少帮忙。每一次孙悟空以老熟人的身份去找他,他都是有求必应。看来,这两位还真是不打不成交。
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