作者:王晓辉
中国古代四大名著除《红楼梦》之外,都有战争和打斗的描写,涉及到的兵器也是形形色色,五花八门。很多兵器已经与人物形象融为一体,不可或缺。《三国演义》中关云长的形象就是赤面长髯,着鹦鹉绿战袍,跨赤兔马,提青龙偃月刀,我们很难想象手持一对板斧或者举着一根狼牙棒的关公会是什么样子。关羽的青龙偃月刀、张飞的丈八蛇矛、吕布的方天画戟、孙悟空的如意金箍棒、猪八戒的九齿钉钯,都是专人专用,替换不得。
【配图:彭靖雯】
《西游记》中最为亮眼的兵器就是孙悟空的如意金箍棒和猪八戒的九齿钉钯了。
如意金箍棒是最富于想象力的兵器,能够按照人的心思变化大小粗细,在我读过的小说中,这是独一份的创意。《西游记》第三回,孙悟空从东海龙王那里得到金箍棒,回到花果山向众猴炫耀:“他弄到欢喜处,跳上桥,走出洞外,将宝贝攥在手中,使一个法天象地的神通,把腰一躬,叫声‘长!’他就长的高万丈,头如泰山,腰如峻岭,眼如闪电,口似血盆,牙如剑戟;手中那棒,上抵三十三天,下至十八层地狱,把些虎豹狼虫,满山群怪,七十二洞妖王,都唬得磕头礼拜,战兢兢魄散魂飞。霎时收了法象,将宝贝还变做个绣花针儿,藏在耳内,复归洞府。慌得那各洞妖王,都来参贺。”
小学时读《西游记》,看到这一段,不禁热血沸腾,多么希望自己也能有一根金箍棒啊!有了金箍棒,自己在班级甚至学校的“江湖”地位都会大不一样。
如意金箍棒是太上老君打造的,两头是两个金箍,中间是一段乌铁,有星斗铺陈;紧挨着金箍有镌成的一行字:“如意金箍棒”,重一万三千五百斤。后来大禹治水,用它来测江海的深浅,因此又叫“天河定底神珍铁”。此棒到了孙悟空的手里,才算遇到了真正的主人,成为了惊天动地的神器。
《西游记》第七十五回,孙悟空在狮驼岭曾这样夸耀自己的如意金箍棒:
“棒是九转镔铁炼,老君亲手炉中煅。
禹王求得号神珍,四海八河为定验。
中间星斗暗铺陈,两头箝裹黄金片。
花纹密布鬼神惊,上造龙纹与凤篆。
名号灵阳棒一条,深藏海藏人难见。
成形变化要飞腾,飘飖五色霞光现。
老孙得道取归山,无穷变化多经验。
时间要大瓮来粗,或小些微如铁线。
粗如南岳细如针,长短随吾心意变。
轻轻举动彩云生,亮亮飞腾如闪电。
攸攸冷气逼人寒,条条杀雾空中现。
降龙伏虎谨随身,天涯海角都游遍。
曾将此棍闹天宫,威风打散蟠桃宴。
天王赌斗未曾赢,哪吒对敌难交战。
棍打诸神没躲藏,天兵十万都逃窜。
雷霆众将护灵霄,飞身打上通明殿。
掌朝天使尽皆惊,护驾仙卿俱搅乱。
举棒掀翻北斗宫,回首振开南极院。
金阙天皇见棍凶,特请如来与我见。
兵家胜负自如然,困苦灾危无可辨。
整整挨排五百年,亏了南海菩萨劝。
大唐有个出家僧,对天发下洪誓愿。
枉死城中度鬼魂,灵山会上求经卷。
西方一路有妖魔,行动甚是不方便。
已知铁棒世无双,央我途中为侣伴。
邪魔汤着赴幽冥,肉化红尘骨化面。
处处妖精棒下亡,论万成千无打算。
上方击坏斗牛宫,下方压损森罗殿。
天将曾将九曜追,地府打伤催命判。
半空丢下振山川,胜如太岁新华剑。
全凭此棍保唐僧,天下妖魔都打遍!”
这一大段说不上是诗,更像是顺口溜,是典型的说书人的口吻。中文理解起来并不难,但翻译成流畅易懂的英译顺口溜可就不容易了。我们来看看詹纳尔教授的译文:
The cudgel is made of nine-cycled wrought iron
Tempered by Lord Lao Zi himself in his furnace.
King Yu called it a divine treasure when he obtained it
To hold the eight rivers and four oceans in place.
In its middle the constellations are secretly set out,
And each end is banded with yellow gold.
Ghosts and gods are amazed at its intricate decorations,
Dragon patterns and phoenix signs.
Known as the Divine Male Cudgel,
It was inaccessibly deep in the bed of the sea.
Its shape can change and it knows how to fly,
Sending clouds of many colours drifting through the air.
Once it was mine I took it back to my mountain,
Where I discovered how its infinite changes.
When I want size it's as thick as a vat,
Or it can be as thin as an iron wire,
Huge as a mountain or small as a needle,
Adapting its length to the wishes of my heart.
Lightly I lift it and coloured clouds spring up,
Or it flies through the sky and flashes like lightning.
The cold air it gives off chills all who feel it,
And ominous mists appear in the sky.
I have carried it with me to beat dragons and tigers,
Travelling to all of the ends of the earth.
Once with this cudgel I made havoc in heaven,
And used its great might to wreck the peach banquet.
The heavenly kings were unable to beat me,
And Nezha was hard pressed to match me in combat.
With this cudgel against them the gods had no safe refuge;
A hundred thousand heavenly troops all scattered and fled.
The gods of thunder guarded the Hall of Miraculous Mist
When the cudgel attacked the Palace of Universal Brightness.
All of the angels at court were flustered
And the Jade Emperor's ministers were thrown into panic.
I raised my cudgel to overturn the Palace of the Dipper,
Then turned back to shake up the South Pole Compound.
Seeing my dread cudgel at his golden gates
The Jade Emperor invited the Buddha to see me.
The soldier takes defeat and victory in his stride;
There is nothing to choose between suffering and disaster.
I stuck it out for full five hundred years
Until I was converted by the Bodhisattva Guanyin.
Then a holy monk appeared in Tang
Who swore a mighty oath to heaven,
To save the souls in the City of the Unjustly slain
And fetch the sutras at an assembly on Vulture Mountain.
On the journey to the West are many evil monsters
Whose actions would be a great obstacle to him.
So, knowing that my cudgel is matchless in the world,
He begged me to be his companion on the journey.
When it struck down evil spirits they were sent to the Underworld,
Their flesh turned to red dust and their bones all to powder.
Evil spirits everywhere were killed by the cudgel,
In thousands upon thousands too numerous to count.
Up above it wrecked the Dipper and Bull Palace,
And below it ruined the Senluo Court in Hell.
Of the heavenly generals it routed the Nine Bright Shiners,
And it wounded all of the Underworld's judges.
Dropped from mid-air it shakes mountains and rivers;
It is stronger than the sword of an evil star.
With this cudgel alone I protect the Tang Priest
And kill all the evil monsters in the world.
如意金箍棒是镔铁做的。镔铁是古代的精铁,据说原产于波斯、印度等地,南北朝时传入中国。“九转镔铁”就是经过多次回炉锻打的熟铁(wrought iron),而且还是太上老君亲手打造,所以,詹纳尔教授将其译成The cudgel is made of nine-cycled wrought iron tempered by Lord Lao Zi himself in his furnace. wrought是work的过去分词的旧式用法,用作形容词,多指加工、锻造,如wrought iron(熟铁、锻铁)、wrought steel pipe(轧制钢管)。temper则是“回火”的意思,是“炼”。汉语中多组合词,如“锻炼”就是由两个不同的词组成,在翻译成英文的时候必须区分清楚。
如意金箍棒原是大禹治水时测定江海的一个定子,号称“定海神珍铁”,后来口口相传,就走形了,变成了“定海神针”。“神针”英文是divine needle,“神珍”是divine treasure或者倒过来说treasure divine也可以。除了“定海神珍铁”之外,如意金箍棒还有一个名字,叫“灵阳棒”,詹纳尔教授将灵阳棒翻译成Divine Male Cudgel,意思是“神奇的男性的短棍”。我感觉这样翻译过于实在,容易让外国读者产生一些没有必要的联想。余国藩教授将灵阳棒翻译成Rod of Numinous Yang,可做参考。
孙悟空说出这段顺口溜介绍如意金箍棒,却也没忘了吹嘘和抬高自己。明明是玉皇大帝请如来佛祖收拾他,他却说“金阙天皇见棍凶,特请如来与我见”;明明是观音菩萨点化,唐三藏把他解救出来,收为徒弟,去西天取经,却被他说成“(唐僧)已知铁棒世无双,央我途中为侣伴”。虽是说来吓唬妖魔,也反映出孙悟空性格的可爱之处。
下面再聊聊猪八戒的九齿钉钯。 因为有孙悟空的如意金箍棒在先,读者往往会忽视猪八戒的九齿钉钯。其实,老猪的这个物件来头很大,一点儿都不亚于孙悟空的如意金箍棒。关于这件兵器的来历,作者没做专门介绍,而是让猪八戒自己说出来的。《西游记》第十九回,孙悟空与猪八戒在云栈洞交手,悟空故意调侃他说,你这钯子可是在高老庄给人家锄地种菜用的?八戒很受伤害,我这家伙儿岂是凡间之物?且听我道来:
“此是锻炼神冰铁,磨琢成工光皎洁。
老君自己动钤锤,荧惑亲身添炭屑。
五方五帝用心机,六丁六甲费周折。
造成九齿玉垂牙,铸就双环金坠叶。
身妆六曜排五星,体按四时依八节。
短长上下定乾坤,左右阴阳分日月。
六爻神将按天条,八卦星辰依斗列。
名为上宝逊金钯,进与玉皇镇丹阙。
因我修成大罗仙,为吾养就长生客。
敕封元帅号天蓬,钦赐钉钯为御节。
举起烈焰并毫光,落下猛风飘瑞雪。
天曹神将尽皆惊,地府阎罗心胆怯。
人间那有这般兵,世上更无此等铁。
随身变化可心怀,任意翻腾依口诀。
相携数载未曾离,伴我几年无日别。
日食三餐并不丢,夜眠一宿浑无撇。
也曾佩去赴蟠桃,也曾带他朝帝阙。
皆因仗酒却行凶,只为倚强便撒泼。
上天贬我降凡尘,下世尽我作罪孽。
石洞心邪曾吃人,高庄情喜婚姻结。
这钯下海掀翻龙鼍窝,上山抓碎虎狼穴。
诸般兵刃且休题,惟有吾当钯最切。
相持取胜有何难,赌斗求功不用说。
何怕你铜头铁脑一身钢,钯到魂消神气泄!”
无独有偶,这九齿钉钯竟然也是太上老君打造的。老子在人间的时候是个哲学家和思想家,得道成仙之后,摇身一变,成了天上的“大国工匠”,专门打造各种兵器。如意金箍棒、九齿钉钯、金刚琢、紫金铃都是他老人家的作品。
据猪八戒介绍,他的钉钯原料是神冰铁,经过抛光打磨,晶亮皎洁;掌锤首席工匠是太上老君,五方天帝和六丁六甲之神都参与了设计和施工;不仅用料精良,设计讲究,在装潢上也是严格按照四时八节、乾坤阴阳、六爻八卦的规范。这个钯子正式的名称是“上宝逊金钯”,是献给玉皇大帝的镇阙之宝。猪八戒当了天蓬元帅之后,玉帝把这个钯子赐给他,既是兵器,也是调动军队的权利象征。由此可见,当年在天庭,猪八戒的地位远远高于有名无实的“齐天大圣”。
限于篇幅,就不讨论整首诗的翻译了,读者如果感兴趣,可对照詹纳尔教授的译文(外文出版社 FLP 2018 Vol. one, P.441)和余国藩教授的译文(上海外语教育出版社 2016, P.493)。
最后,将余国藩和詹纳尔两位译者关于如意金箍棒和九齿钉钯的翻译罗列如下,供大家学习参考。
如意金箍棒
The Compliant Golden-Hooped Rod (余国藩译)
As-You-Will Gold-Banded Cudgel (詹纳尔译)
九齿钉钯
Nine-Pronged Muckrake (余国藩译)
Nine-Pronged Rake (詹纳尔译)
忍不住再说两句。余国藩教授将猪八戒的九齿钉钯译成muckrake,也就是粪钯,似乎不妥。九齿钉钯是太上老君精心打造献给玉皇大帝的,不可能照着粪钯来做,且钉钯种类繁多,有搂草用的,有松土和平整土地用的,有刨红薯和马铃薯用的。九齿以上的钉钯(如十一齿、十四齿)多是用来清除杂草和平整土地用的,而粪钯齿长且结实,有三四个齿足矣。
钉钯是古代兵器,杆长齿利,在明代抗倭战斗中曾是军中利器。其历史悠久,是由农具演变而来,这也充分反映了中国农耕文明的底色。
如意金箍棒与孙悟空,九齿钉钯与猪八戒,堪称经典绝配。
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