作者:王晓辉
《水浒传》是不是一部武侠小说,网上争论颇多。传统武侠小说的内容基本上都是江湖上黑白两道的恩怨情仇,故事情节往往沿着打斗杀戮—拜师习武—比武复仇的脉络发展,最后的结局不外乎手刃强敌、伸张正义,或者了却恩怨、大彻大悟。《水浒传》虽然也有武有侠,但其背景宏大,主题深刻,人物众多,情节曲折,特别是在反映社会现实方面,无论是传统的《三侠五义》和《小五义》,还是新派武侠的《射雕英雄传》和《七剑下天山》,均不能望其项背。从这个意义上说,《水浒传》不是一部武侠小说;如果仅仅是一部武侠,恐怕难以跻身中国古典文学四大名著之列。
《水浒传》里也有很多比武打斗的情景,但绝大部分的笔墨都用在了场面描写和烘托气氛上了,如第二回“王教头私走延安府,九纹龙大闹史家村”,九纹龙史进与跳涧虎陈达交手,作者用上了一首诗:
一来一往,一上一下。一来一往,有如深水戏珠龙;一上一下,却似半岩争食虎。左盘右旋,好似张飞敌吕布;前回后转,浑如敬德战秦琼。九纹龙忿怒,三尖刀只望顶门飞;跳涧虎生嗔,丈八矛不离心坎刺。好手中间逞好手,红心里面夺红心。
这段描写在中国读者眼里非常精彩,而且特别适合说书人绘声绘色地讲述,但翻译成英文效果会怎样呢?赛珍珠和沙博理略去了这首诗的翻译,只有约翰·登特-杨将其译成了英文:
To and fro and back and forth: to and fro, two deep-sea dragons fighting for the pearl; back and forth, a tiger roaming the valley for his prey. Enraged, the Tattooed Dragon hurls his guisarme straight at the target; in a fury the River-Jumper aims his lance right at the centre. Skill vies with skill, courage emulates courage.
说实话,登特-杨这首诗翻译得非常好,最大限度地对应了原文的结构。英语读者可能会纳闷儿,to and fro、back and forth,这不是一回事儿吗?为什么说一遍又说一遍呢?没办法,这就是中国古典小说特有的表达方式,是从评书、话本继承下来的传统。史进和陈达的两样兵器,一个是三尖刀,一个是丈八矛,登特-杨用了西方读者熟悉的guisarme(中世纪欧洲的一种戈)和lance(长矛)来翻译,简洁明了。“好手中间逞好手,红心里面夺红心”是一句俗语,说的是在强手中逞强,在艺高者中竞高。登特-杨用Skill vies with skill, courage emulates courage,很像英语成语diamond cut diamond,意思是枪对枪,刀对刀,棋逢对手。
值得注意的是,登特-杨在翻译的时候删去了两句话:“左盘右旋,好似张飞敌吕布;前回后转,浑如敬德战秦琼。” 张飞和吕布,敬德和秦琼,中国人一看就懂,外国人一看就懵。如果要给他们解释清楚,先要回到汉末三国时期说张飞和吕布,再穿回隋唐讲尉迟恭和秦琼,等解释清楚了,读者的阅读兴趣已经消失殆尽。与其如此,还不如直接省去。
【配图:彭靖雯】
《水浒传》里关于武功的招数、动作和名称的详细描写只有一处,就是第二十九回“武松醉打蒋门神”的一段:
蒋门神见了武松,心里先欺他醉,只顾赶将入来。说时迟,那时快,武松先把两个拳头去蒋门神脸上虚影一影,忽地转身便走。蒋门神大怒,抢将来,被武松一飞脚踢起,踢中蒋门神小腹上,双手按了,便蹲下去。武松一踅,踅将过来,那只右脚早踢起,直飞在蒋门神额角上,踢着正中,望后便倒。武松追入一步,踏住胸脯,提起这醋钵儿大小拳头,望蒋门神脸上便打。原来说过的打蒋门神扑手:先把拳头虚影一影,便转身,却先飞起左脚,踢中了,便转过身来,再飞起右脚。这一扑有名,唤做“玉环步,鸳鸯脚”。这是武松平生的真才实学,非同小可!
我们再看登特-杨的翻译:
Deceived by Wu Song's appearance of drunkenness, the Door-God rushed in without thinking. It's slow in the telling but happens in a flash. Wu Song started by feinting with a right and left to the head, then turned suddenly and danced away. Enraged, the Door-God lunged after him and was caught with a flying kick to the groin. As he doubled up, clutching himself with both hands, Wu Song whirled around and caught him again with his right foot, fair and square on the temple, toppling him over backwards. Stepping forward and planting a foot on his chest, Wu Song raised that fist the size of a barrel and began pounding him in the face.
Now this routine we have just described — that's to say, feinting with both hands, turning, kicking with the left foot, landing, turning again and kicking with the right foot — has a name. It's called 'jade bracelet steps and mandarin duck footwork.' It was something Wu Song had practised all his life, he had no equal for it.
蒋门神“心里先欺他醉”,实际上却是被武松醉态所欺。登特-杨用deceived by Wu Song's appearance of drunkenness作状语,十分巧妙,与下面的“只顾赶将入来”(rushed in without thinking)逻辑连接得丝丝入扣。“虚影一影”就是佯攻,feinting with a right and left to the head / deceptive attack with both hands。武松“忽地转身便走”,身法敏捷,速度极快,如果用walked away,显得前紧后松,配不上“忽地”二字,所以登特-杨选择了danced away。dance除了跳舞之外,还有move in a light and lively way的意思,用在此处,远比walk away更灵动。
蒋门神被武松一个飞脚踢在小腹上(was caught with a flying kick to the groin),这里caught不是我们常用的“抓住”或“赶上”的意思,而是hit(击打)的意思。然后武松一个转身,右脚再起,正中额角(whirled around and caught him again with his right foot, fair and square on the temple)。原文和译文都是一气呵成。接着,“武松追入一步,踏住胸脯”(stepping forward and planting a foot on his chest),这里planting一词用得甚好,如果用stepping on his chest 或者putting a foot on his chest,都显得有气无力,不似planting那样牢牢踏住。
“玉环步,鸳鸯脚”的翻译是个难题。登特-杨的翻译是jade bracelet steps and mandarin duck footwork;沙博理的翻译是The Jade-Circle Steps with Duck and Drake Feet。“玉环步”大概是说步法如玉环一样圆润,或者像杨玉环的舞步一般流畅,不论哪种解释,均可译为jade-circle steps或jade bracelet steps。
关键是“鸳鸯脚”怎么理解和翻译。按照登特-杨的翻译,mandarin duck footwork 就是中国鸭子脚,这是个什么脚法?难道是八字脚?沙博理将“鸳鸯脚”译成Duck and Drake Feet,母鸭脚和公鸭脚,更加耐人寻味。鸳鸯总是雌雄成双成对在一起,在水上游动时也是一只在前一只紧随其后,所以武松踢出的两脚,就如同两只鸳鸯一样,一脚接着一脚,难怪蒋门神受不了。
一个“鸳鸯脚”就如此大费周章,要是遇上了金庸武侠小说中的“心意气混元功”“五行连环拳”“天山折梅手”“黯然销魂掌”“如影随形腿”“天罡北斗阵”,该怎么翻译呢?
当年,李白曾面对蜀道,发出了“蜀道之难,难于上青天”的慨叹。今天,肩负着传播中国传统文化使命的翻译工作者们,面对这些连中国人自己都晕的词汇,心里也会忍不住长叹一声:“翻译之难,难于上青天!”
信、达、雅,译者的珠穆朗玛。
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