The Eight-power Allied Forces Through Foreigners' Camera

China Before the Invasion of the
Eight-Power Allied Forces

The Entering of
Envoys and Legation Guards into Beijing

First Setbacks of
the Allied Forces
and the Capture of Tianjin

The Capture of
Beijing by the
Eight-Power Allied Forces

The War Before Negotiations and the Signing of the
Protocol of 1901

China Under the Protocol of 1901

Empress Dowager Cixi, who dominated China's political stage for more than 40 years, practiced political, economic, and cultural autocracy. The extreme social darkness determined that the Qing Government must retire from the stage of history.