Shanghai Cooperation Organization
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an inter-governmental organization comprising China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan founded in Shanghai on June 15, 2001. Its predecessor was the Shanghai Five established in April 1996. The SCO made its first expansion in June 2017, admitting India and Pakistan as formal members.
Since its very beginning, the SCO has given top priority to security cooperation. Its members signed at their first summit the Shanghai Convention Against Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, making it their major task to fight these three forces. Over the past 17 years, the organization has explored a new model of cooperation for collective security, and promoted a security governance model that takes a multi-pronged approach to addressing both symptoms and root causes, making great contribution to the security in Asia and Europe. The concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security that the member states have upheld will push forward the SCO security cooperation to new stages.
The SCO's mission is to build friendship and trust among member states, encourage effective cooperation in political, economic, trade, cultural and other areas, safeguard regional peace and stability, and promote a new international political and economic order that is fair and rational.
Between themselves the SCO members have developed the "Shanghai Spirit," which is based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for cultural diversity, and pursuit of common prosperity. Externally they follow the principle of openness and non-alignment, and their strategies and policies are not directed against any third party or any other region.
The top decision-making body of the SCO is the Council of Heads of State, which meets once a year to decide on major issues. Its Council of Heads of Government also meets once a year to discuss priorities and issues of multilateral cooperation. Its two permanent bodies are: the Secretariat in Beijing (China) and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent (Uzbekistan).
In June 2018, the SCO Summit was held with a success in Qingdao, China.
上海合作组织
上海合作组织是由中国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦于2001年6月15日在上海宣布成立的永久性政府间国际组织。其前身是成立于1996年4月的“上海五国”会晤机制。2017年6月，印度和巴基斯坦正式成为上合成员，这也是上合组织首次扩员。
上海合作组织成立伊始，就明确将安全合作作为优先方向，成员国在首次峰会上签署了《打击恐怖主义、分裂主义和极端主义上海公约》，将打击“三股势力”明确列为上合组织的重要任务。成立17年来，上合组织逐步探索出新的集体安全合作模式，推行综合施策、标本兼治的安全治理模式，为亚欧地区的安全做出了巨大贡献。各方倡导并践行共同、综合、合作、可持续的新安全观，将使上合组织安全合作之路越走越宽。
上合组织旨在加强成员国间的友好与信任，鼓励成员国在政治、经贸、文化等领域的有效合作，致力于共同维护地区和平与稳定，推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。上合组织对内遵循“互信、互利、平等、协商，尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展”的“上海精神”，对外奉行不结盟、不针对其他国家和地区及开放原则。
上合组织最高决策机构是成员国元首理事会，该会议每年举行一次，决定本组织所有重要问题。政府首脑理事会每年举行一次，讨论本组织框架下多边合作和优先领域的战略。上合组织有两个常设机构，分别是设在北京的上合组织秘书处和设在塔什干的上合组织地区反恐怖机构执行委员会。2018年6月，上合组织青岛峰会成功召开。