贫困村
进入21世纪，随着《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划（1994-2000年）》完成，中国贫困人口集中连片的状况明显改变，贫困人口分布呈现出“大分散、小集中”的新特点，贫困人口主要集中聚居在那些地域偏远、交通不便、经济和社会事业发展相对滞后的村落。针对这一新的减贫形势，中国开始将贫困村作为扶贫开发的瞄准单元。中共十八大以来，精准扶贫精准脱贫成为打赢脱贫攻坚战的基本方略。准确找出贫困村在哪里、确定谁是贫困户，给他们建档立卡，成为精准扶贫的“一号工程”。为此，国务院扶贫办2014年4月印发《扶贫开发建档立卡工作方案》，明确了贫困村标准。贫困村识别原则上按照“一高一低一无”的标准进行，即行政村贫困发生率比全省贫困发生率高一倍以上，行政村2013年全村农民人均纯收入低于全省平均水平的60%，行政村无集体经济收入。2014年4月至10月，全国共识别出12.8万个贫困村、2948万贫困户、8962万贫困人口，基本摸清了全国贫困人口分布、致贫原因、脱贫需求等“贫困家底”，建立起了全国统一的扶贫开发信息系统，为精准扶贫提供了大数据支撑。
Poor Villages
With the completion of the Seven-year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994-2000), the conditions of contiguous poor areas had been notably improved. The remaining poor mainly lived in remote villages with poor transportation and backward economic and social development. To address this problem, China had turned to targeting poor villages as the focus of poverty reduction.
Since 2012, targeted poverty alleviation and elimination have been the overall strategy, so it is essential to determine which villages and households are eligible for state assistance. To this end, the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development in 2014 released a Plan for Poverty Alleviation Registration, defining the standards for poor villages. Technically, a village would be labeled as “poor” if its poverty headcount ratio was more than double that of its province, if its per-capita net income was lower than 60 percent of the provincial average in 2013, and if the village had no collective economic earnings.
From April to October 2014, a total of 128,000 poor villages with 29.48 million poor households and 89.62 million impoverished people were identified. The government also gained a clear picture of their locations, the causes of their poverty, and their particular needs for poverty elimination. A nationwide unified information system of poverty alleviation was thus created to provide big data for relevant endeavors.
