The Founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic
From October 1930 to September 1931, the First Front Red Army under the CPC leadership won three consecutive victories against the encirclement of the KMT troops. The Central Revolutionary Base Area was consolidated, and the Hubei-Henan-Anhui, Hunan-Western Hubei, Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi base areas also expanded. The CPC Central Committee decided to found a Soviet central government with the support of the base areas in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian.
On November 7-20, 1931, the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet was convened, which proclaimed the founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic.
The congress adopted the Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic, the Land Law, the Labor Law, and the Decision on Economic Policies – all being important legal documents. The participants elected a 63-member Central Executive Committee, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Xiang Ying and Zhang Guotao, with Mao as chairman of the committee and Xiang Ying and Zhang Guotao as vice chairmen.
As specified in the Outline of the Constitution, the Chinese Soviet Republic was a state of democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants. All powers of the Soviet belonged to the workers, peasants, Red Army soldiers, laboring people and their families. All those living in the jurisdiction of the Republic were equal, regardless of their gender, ethnicity and religious belief.
The document also committed to revoking all the political and economic privileges enjoyed by the imperialists in China, confiscating all their property in China, and annulling all unequal treaties. The supreme power organ of the Soviet Republic was the National Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers. When the congress was not in session, the Central Executive Committee would take its place as the supreme power organ. The people's committee under the Central Executive Committee would handle routine governance affairs and issue decrees and resolutions. The Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic had its office in Ruijin of Jiangxi Province.
The establishment of the Provisional Central Government strengthened the centralized command of the base areas, exerting political influence, inspiring the people, and promoting revolution. It was an important development on the part of the CPC in regional governance, accumulating valuable experience in exercising political power, building up the military, and achieving economic and cultural development.
中华苏维埃共和国成立
1930年10月至1931年9月，中国共产党领导的红一方面军连续取得三次反击国民党军队“围剿”的胜利，中央革命根据地得到巩固和发展，鄂豫皖、湘鄂西、湘鄂赣等根据地也都发展到相当规模。中共中央决定以赣南闽西根据地为依托，建立苏维埃中央政府。
1931年11月7日至20日，中华苏维埃第一次全国代表大会召开，中华苏维埃共和国宣告成立。大会通过《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》《中华苏维埃共和国土地法令》《中华苏维埃共和国劳动法》《中华苏维埃共和国关于经济政策的决定》等重要决议和法令，选举毛泽东、周恩来、朱德、项英、张国焘等63人为中华苏维埃共和国中央执行委员，组成中央执行委员会。毛泽东为中央执行委员会主席，项英、张国焘为副主席。
大会通过的《宪法大纲》规定：中国苏维埃政权所建设的是工人和农民的民主专政的国家。苏维埃全部政权是属于工人、农民、红军士兵及一切劳苦民众的。在苏维埃政权领域内的工人、农民、红军士兵及一切劳苦民众和他们的家属，不分男女民族和宗教信仰，在苏维埃法律面前一律平等。《宪法大纲》还规定：不承认帝国主义在华的政治上、经济上的一切特权，废除一切不平等条约，帝国主义在华的一切财产收归国有等。苏维埃政权的最高权力机关为全国工农兵代表大会，在大会闭会期间，苏维埃中央执行委员会为最高政权机关，中央执行委员会之下组织人民委员会，处理日常政务，并发布一切法令和决议案。会议决定成立中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府，地点设在江西瑞金。
中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府的成立，对各根据地在一定程度上起到了加强中枢指挥的作用，在政治上也产生了很大的影响，对于鼓舞革命群众的斗志，推动革命斗争的进程，有着积极作用。这也是中国共产党局部执政的重要尝试，在政权、军队、经济和文化建设方面，积累了十分宝贵的历史经验。
