The realignment, announced in a joint US-South Korean statement Thursday, has been in the works for months. It reflects US Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld's push to break a Cold War mold of assumptions about the usefulness of having troops along the tense DMZ.

The moves in Korea are part of a broader Pentagon strategy to realign US forces around the globe, to include likely reductions in Germany and the establishment of new bases in Eastern Europe. Last month the United States pulled its troops out of Saudi Arabia after a 12-year stay.

But also, residents have complained that the sprawling 8th US Army headquarters in downtown Seoul occupies prime real estate and worsens the city's chronic traffic congestion. Younger generations of South Koreans see the foreign military presence in their capital as a slight to national pride.

When US President Bush and Roh met in May, they agreed that South Korea's growing economic strength allows the country to play a bigger military role in defending itself.

In Rumsfeld's view, moving US troops away from the DMZ and consolidating them at perhaps two main "hub" bases south of Seoul will create a more formidable fighting force. It will not remove the troops from danger, and in Rumsfeld's view it does not weaken the US deterrent at a time when North Korea is openly pursuing an expanded nuclear arsenal.

The United States has assured South Korea it will spend more than US$11 billion over the next four years on 150 improvements in the combined US-South Korean defenses. No details were provided.

The new arrangement will end a US troop presence on the DMZ that dates to the end of the 1950-53 Korean War, when a 151-mile buffer zone was established along the approximate line of ground contact between the opposing forces at the time a July 27, 1953, truce was signed.

In a two-phase movement, US troops at bases scattered near the DMZ will be moved to "hub bases" at least 75 miles south of the Demilitarized Zone, according to the joint statement.

Even after the consolidation, however, US troops will rotate to training ranges close to the DMZ.

Officials gave no timetable for the withdrawal, reflecting persistent South Korean worries that any reductions would put it at greater risk of a war with North Korean. Most troops at the 8th US Army headquarters in Seoul, 37 miles south of the border, also will move south.

Paul Wolfowitz, the deputy US defense secretary, previewed the announcement during a visit to South Korea this week.

"The essence of what we're trying to do is to make sure that the forces we have here on the peninsula can respond quickly and immediately, even before reinforcements arrive, if there were ever to be an attack," he told a Seoul news conference Monday. "And I think the ability to do so is something that will not only strengthen deterrence but save lives in the horrible event that a war should occur."

The main US Army force in Korea is the 2nd Infantry Division, headquartered at Camp Red Cloud north of Seoul.

The US pledge to conduct exercises near the DMZ "will mean that US troops will continue to play the role of a tripwire to deter war," said South Korean Assistant Defense Minister for Policy Lt. Gen. Cha Young-koo, who led the South Korean side in talks. The Americans were led by Richard Lawless, the deputy assistant secretary of defense for Asia-Pacific Affairs.

Rumsfeld wants to give the US forces in Korea the flexibility to train for missions elsewhere in the region. This will be facilitated by having most of them consolidated at hubs like the Osan air base south of Seoul and the Chinhae and Taegu areas in the southeast.

Some have argued that the United States should not pull troops away from the border area unless the North Koreans reciprocate, but Rumsfeld sees that as outdated thinking. He believes the US moves should be made regardless because they strengthen South Korea's defense, not weaken it.

South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun has said the withdrawal of US troops should be a bargaining chip in any talks with North Korea on reducing its troop deployment along the border.

For half a century, the US presence near the DMZ has symbolized the US-South Korean military alliance and Washington's commitment to deterring hostilities on the divided peninsula.

The Korean border remains the world's most heavily armed. Most of the South's 650,000-strong military and the North's 1.1-million strong armed forces, the world's fifth largest, are deployed near the 2.5-mile-wide DMZ, which is guarded on both sides by barbed wire fences, mine fields and tank traps.

Most of the 37,000 US troops in South Korea are stationed between the DMZ and Seoul.

(China Daily June 6, 2003)