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Jiayuguan, Gansu
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Jiayuguan or Jiayu Pass, literally "Excellent Valley Pass", is the first pass at the west end of the Great Wall of China, near the city of Jiayuguan in Gansu province. It has also been called "Jiayuguan Pass"; however, this form is redundant since "guan" means "pass" in Chinese. Along with Juyongguan and Shanhaiguan, it is one of the main passes of the Great Wall.
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| Jiayuguan, Gansu (1) | Jiayuguan, Gansu (2) |
The structure was built during the early Ming dynasty, sometime around the year 1372. The fortress there was greatly strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur, but Timur died of old age while leading an army toward China.
Among the passes on the Great Wall, Jiayuguan is the most intact surviving ancient military building. The pass is also known by the name the "First and Greatest Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一雄关) , which is not to be confused with the "First Pass under Heaven" (天下第一关), a name for Shanhaiguan (pass) at the east end of the Great Wall near Qinhuangdao, Hebei.
Jiayuguan consists of three defense lines: an inner city, an outer city and a moat.
The pass is trapezoid-shaped with a perimeter of 733 meters and an area of more than 33,500 square meters. The total length of the city wall is 733 meters and the height is 11 meters.
There are two gates: one on the east side of the pass, and the other on the west side. On each gate there is a building. An inscription of "Jiayuguan" in Chinese is written on a tablet at the building at the west gate. The south and north sides of the pass are connected to the Great Wall. There is a turret on each corner of the pass. On the north side, inside the two gates, there are wide roads leading to the top of the pass.
A fabulous legend recounts the meticulous planning involved in the construction of the pass. According to legend, when Jiayuguan was being planned, the official in charge asked the designer to estimate the exact number of bricks required and the designer gave him a number. The official questioned his judgment, asking him if that would be enough, so the designer added one brick. When Jiayuguan was finished, there was one brick left over, which was placed loose on one of the gates where it remains today.
The pass was a key waypoint of the ancient Silk Road. Around Jiayuguan there are few historic sites such as elsewhere in Gansu province and on the Silk Road. Many frescos were found in the areas around Jiayuguan.
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