Reform promotes protection for pandas
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E-mail China Daily, November 24, 2014
In the past three years, Chen Xiaohong, a farmer in the mountainous province of Sichuan, has renovated his home and his family's income has doubled as a result of a new conservation model in Laohegou, a former State-owned farm with an adjoining forest.
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Giant panda Xue Xue is released into the wild at the Liziping Nature Reserve in Shimian in Southwest China's Sichuan province on Oct 14. After two years' training in habitat selection, foraging, and avoidance of natural enemies, it's believed the 2-year-old female will be able to survive in the natural habitat. Xue Xue was the fourth panda to be released, following Xiang Xiang, Tao Tao and Zhang Xiang. [Photo/Xinhua] |
In 2012, the Sichuan Nature Conservation Foundation and the government of Pingwu county signed a conservation agreement to lease 110 square kilometers of forest in and around Laohegou for 50 years, enabling the foundation to establish a new panda reserve.
"Just three years after the agreement was signed, my life has changed dramatically," Chen said, adding that the foundation has helped him sell farm produce such as honey and chicken in urban areas.
The 43-year-old farmer said that while the local farmers are prospering, the lives of animals such as pandas are improving. He compared the situation to that last seen in the 1980s, when the animals were seen more frequently.
Laohegou connects a number of nature reserves that provide an important migration path for pandas.
Jin Tong, a conservation scientist with The Nature Conservancy who also visits the Laohegou project, said: "We had been looking to introduce the land trust model to China to protect wild animals for a long time, but it wasn't possible until the forestry tenure reforms six years ago."
In 2008, the State Council, China's Cabinet, decided to promote the Collective Forest Tenure Reform, which allows 1.82 million sq km of woodland under collective ownership nationwide to be rented for commercial use.
Jin said the reform has enabled NGOs and individuals to establish private protected areas that protect the environment and biodiversity.
However, despite the opportunities for new conservation initiatives provided by the reform, a recent study showed that its implementation could also threaten the pandas' habitat. The study conducted by a team of researchers from Beijing Normal University showed that the reform would allow more than 15 percent of the pandas' habitat to be transferred to private investors for commercial use.
Zhang Li, a professor at the university who specializes in the protection of wild animals who led the study, said that without proper control measures the worst-case scenario is that reduction of the habitat could result in the country's panda population, currently numbering about 1,600, declining by about 15 percent.
Zhang said the reform has not yet fully been implemented in provinces with giant pandas, including Gansu and Sichuan, but it soon could be.
The study suggested that allowing individuals and NGOs to apply for eco-compensation from local and central governments could lessen the impact the reform may have on the pandas. It also provided four scenarios for the management of panda-inhabited areas under the reform, saying that if the government arranged an eco-compensation fee of about $1.2 billion, it would be possible to prevent the decline of the panda population.
"The study is intended to remind the forestry authorities that establishing an eco-compensation system is important in forest reform," Zhang said.
"Without proper measures to control the unintended effects of the reform, this change may pose a potential threat to these vital habitats as a result of commercial development," he added.
According to statistics released by the State Forestry Administration in 2004, the pandas' habitat nationwide has declined by nearly 60 percent in the past six decades, from 51,000 sq km in 1950s to 21,000 sq km in 2004, mainly as a result of deforestation and woodland fragmentation, human activity, and climate change.Zhang Zhihe, head of the Chengdu Research Base for Giant Panda Breeding, said that human population growth and increased land use are the main causes of the rapid contraction of the animals' habitat.
In his book Giant Pandas: Born Survivors, Zhang wrote that giant pandas are highly adept at adapting to changes in their natural habitat. He said the pandas would cope well if their habitat wasn't disturbed by human activity. The growth of human settlements has left many pandas isolated in narrow belts of bamboo no more than 1,000 to 1,200 meters wide, according to the book.
Low survival rate
Pandas are known for having very low survival rates. According to the Chengdu Research Base for Giant Panda Breeding, only 30 to 50 percent of pandas born in captivity in China manage to survive past the infant stage.
Zhang Li said that in addition to eco-compensation, the reform makes it possible for private individuals and organizations to run private protected areas, which is a worthy ambition.
However, a lack of continuous funding is the biggest challenge facing the operators of private sanctuaries. When they run out of money, the operators have to apply to the local authorities for financial support or expand their tourism industries to attract visitors to overcome the financial shortfall and pay daily operating costs.
Jin said the 2011-2014 budget for the Laohegou project was 20 million yuan ($3.3 million), but after this year the annual operating cost is expected to be less than 3 million yuan.
The Sichuan Nature Conservation Foundation is building a local farm produce brand, and Jin said that within two to three years, the profits from the business are expected to cover the daily operating costs. She hoped the model will be promoted nationwide in the near future.
Back in his village, farmer Chen said the reform is the perfect way to improve the lives of both humans and animals, and is preferable to industrial development because it actively protects the local environment. "Compared with fast money from industrial activity, give me the reform. I'd rather see this place stay the way it is—green forests and blue skies," he said.
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