As hydroelectric
stations spring up like mushrooms, among China's big rivers, the
Yarlung Zangbo and Nujiang rivers are the only ones with their
ecological integrity still intact. Following an upsurge in
hydro-powered development, concerned parties set forth a plan to
open up the Nujiang River. In this proposed terraced water
conservation project, as many as 13 dams are to be built on the
river. Some experts have voiced strong opposition to the
project.
Rich species
resources
Rising in the Danggula
Mountains, the Nujiang River passes through China's Tibet and
Yunnan, Myanmar, and eventually flows into the Indian Ocean. In its
mid and lower reaches, the river cuts across Gaoligong and
Biluo -- two snow-capped mountains located in Yunnan
Province. Thus the natural drop comes to 1,578 meters in a
742-kilometer-long section of the river.
Due to the north-south
position of the Hengduan Mountains that blocks the southern advance
of Quaternary glaciers, the river basin has become the main
passageway and refuge for migrating species in Eurasia. Plus
changeable climate and unique geographical features have all turned
this region into a land of rich biodiversity.
Though accounting for
merely 0.4 percent of China's total area, the Nujiang River valley
plays host to more than 20 percent of the country's higher-order
plants and over 25 percent of wild vertebrates. Furthermore, there
exist 77 species of wild animals and 34 species of native plants
under state-level protection there. Of 48 known fish types living
in the river, more than 30 are peculiar to the region, and four
have been listed in the international red paper on wildlife
protection.
"Primitive, exclusive
and rich species resources have made the Nujiang River valley come
out first in the list of China's 17 key protected biodiversity
zones," said Prof. He Daming, director of the Asian International
Rivers Center at Yunnan University. "These resources are precious
wealth of the country, and belong to the whole of humanity. They
have provided a rare gene pool. Along with the rapid development of
biotechnology and gene technology, the scientific and economic
value hidden in the species resources will be born out to be
limitless."
Unique
landscape
Mighty and imposing
mountain systems, snow-capped mountain ranges, and turbulent
rivers, in the mid and lower reaches of the Nujiang River can all
be found as natural landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere except
for deserts and oceans. Particularly, a local grand canyon
spectacle has unparalleled views unlike anything seen the whole
world over. For example, the sector of the canyon in the Nujiang
Lisu Autonomous Prefecture is 310 meters long and 2,000 meters deep
on average, second only to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado
River.
The Three Parallel
Rivers area (including the Jinsha, Nujiang and Lancang rivers) was
first designated as a state-level scenic attraction, with the
approval of the State Council, in 1988, and then inscribed on the
World Heritage List as a natural property at the 27th session of
the UNESCO's World Heritage Committee in July this year.
"To preserve the
integrity and authenticity of world heritage sites is a fundamental
principle," said Prof. Xie Ninggao, director of the Research Center
of World Heritage at Peking University. In this respect, a bitter
price has been paid at sites such as Zhangjiajie, Jiuzhaigou and
Mount Emei where the Leshan Giant Buddha is located. "The detour of
'destruction followed by remedy' should not be made any more in our
work," Xie pointed out.
Meanwhile, over ten
ethnic groups including Lisu,
Drung,
Miao
and Yi
have lived in the Nujiang River valley, producing a rich and
colorful local ethnic culture. As cultural diversity is drawing
worldwide attention today, it has become an urgent task to conserve
and carry forward this precious cultural heritage, which is based
on distinctive natural environments and traditional
lifestyles.
According to Li Wenhua,
academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Hengduan
mountainous area in the mid and lower reaches of the Nujiang River
was formed due to the collision between the Indian Ocean and
Eurasian plates. Both geological and ecological conditions are
extremely fragile around there, which are irrecoverable once
destroyed. "Currently, we are just making a start on scientific
exploration in the river valley. To keep the 'pristine nature' and
ecological integrity of the region, for further exploration, is our
correct choice," Li said.
Damming project
does more harm than good
"Based on years of
research, what has destroyed aquatic resources the greatest extent
is neither over-fishing nor industrial pollution but the
construction of dams and reservoirs on the river," said Wang Xihua,
deputy director of the Bureau of Fisheries with the Ministry of
Agriculture.
For example, the hilsa
herring (myxocyprinus asiaticus) is a delicacy living in
the Yangtze River. With soft meat and delicious taste, the hilsa
herring has been a popular dish for the Chinese, and its annual
output used to average 500 tons, with a maximum of 1,500 tons.
Unfortunately, the rare fish is now facing extinction, a
significant reason for which lies in the fact that a power plant
was built on the Yangtze River upstream from the Poyang Lake in the
1980s. The construction of the power station cut off the hilsa
herring's migration route and consequently made it hard for the
fish to spawn and procreate.
The Chinese sturgeon is
another endangered life form in the Yangtze River which is
currently under first-class state-level protection, and used to
have huge numbers in history. However, when the Gezhouba Dam on the
river closed in 1988, floods of sturgeon on their way to spawn
upstream gathered and butted their heads against the wall of the
dam. The scene was described as "horrible."
"Most of the 40-odd
fishes in the Nujiang River are migratory. Once their upstream
spawning grounds were destroyed, the consequences would be too
dreadful to contemplate," Wang Xihua said. "Under the circumstances
that China's freshwater fishery resources are reducing sharply, we
appeal to competent authorities to stop building terraced water
conservancy works on the river."
Fish is not the only
species needing protection. According to Prof. Wang Xiangkun from
the Beijing-based China Agricultural University, wild paddy
resources, which are extremely deficient in China, are mainly
distributed over Hainan
Province and the Nujiang River valley. Actually, there are not
many wild rice varieties left in Hainan today. Two varieties of
wild rice growing in the Nujiang River valley contain quality,
resistance, and environment-friendly defense genes that are
indispensable for the breeding of high-grade rice. However, if the
water storage project is put into practice, the two aforementioned
varieties of wild rice in this region will be submerged and no
longer in existence.
In the opinion of Liu
Hongliang, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,
damming a river will not only destroy the local ecological
environment and biodiversity, but touch off a chain of problems
such as sedimentation, geological disasters, water pollution, and
so on. For instance, confronted with sedimentation that is becoming
more and more serious, quite a few power stations on the Yellow
River have fallen short of requirements for electricity generation
and flood control; as a result, the service life of these power
plants has been cut down greatly. Meanwhile, the construction of
the Gezhouba Dam has caused serious water pollution in the Huangbai
River, a tributary to the Yangtze River. "All these problems are
well beyond our expectations," Liu sighed.
Since the Nujiang River
is one of the only two rivers in China with its ecological
integrity still intact, experts pointed out that in the long run,
it would be a sensible attitude not to open up the river. In this
way, on the one hand, the Nujiang River can be put under permanent
protection as the country's natural heritage; on the other, it can
serve as a frame of reference. Thus as far as China's overall
sustainable development strategy is concerned, long-term and
systematic ecological observations in the region will be able to
provide significant data based on a comparison between the
ecological environment along the Nujiang River and other already
developed rivers.
As for the issue of
poverty elimination in the Nujiang River valley, in the opinion of
experts, hydropower development is neither the exclusive nor the
best solution. In fact, there is great promise for the development
of a tourist industry in the area that is rich in both natural and
cultural resources. At the same time, financially aided by the
central and local governments, developing the breeding and peculiar
vegetable-planting industries may as well be accepted as a feasible
way for the local people to shake off poverty and attain
prosperity.
(China.org.cn,
translated by Shao Da, September 30, 2003)