《西藏的发展与进步》白皮书
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet
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调整字号大小: 
| 四、文化保护和宗教信仰自由 | IV. Cultural Preservation and Freedom of Religious Belief |
| 西藏文化是中华民族文化的重要组成部分，以其独特魅力吸引着世人。多年来，中央政府和西藏自治区政府倾力保护和弘扬西藏优秀传统文化，大力发展社会主义先进文化，努力建设中华民族特色文化保护地，使西藏文化得到了保护与发展。 | As an important part of Chinese culture, Tibetan culture attracts people from all over the world with its unique charm. Over the years, the Central Government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have worked together to preserve and promote the outstanding traditional Tibetan culture while developing advanced socialist culture, and to protect places of unique folk cultures. Their efforts have reaped fruits, and Tibetan culture is now well preserved and developed. |
| 保护和发展藏语言文字 | Preserving and developing the spoken and written Tibetan language |
| 藏语文学习使用受到法律保护。《中华人民共和国宪法》、《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》和《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》均明确规定，保障少数民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的自由。西藏自治区先后颁布实施《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定(试行)》、《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定(试行)的实施细则》和《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的规定》，将学习、使用和发展藏语言文字工作纳入法制化轨道。 | The study and use of the Tibetan language and script are protected by law in China. The Constitution, Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language have articles protecting the freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The Tibet Autonomous Region enacted the Several Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Study, Use and Development of the Tibetan Language (For Trial Implementation), Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisions, and the formal version, finally making this work solidly law-based. |
| 西藏教育系统推行以藏语文授课为主的双语教学体系。目前，所有农牧区和部分城镇小学实行藏汉语文同步教学，主要课程用藏语授课。中学阶段也同时用藏语文和汉语授课，并在内地西藏班中学开设藏语文课。截至2012年底，西藏实施双语教学的小学在校学生282914人，占小学在校生总数的96.88％；中学在校学生177981人，占中学在校生总数的90.63％。现有双语教师23085人，各级各类学校有藏语专任教师3700人。 | Bilingual education, with Tibetan as the principal language, is widespread in Tibet. At present, primary schools in all farming and pastoral areas and some urban areas use both Tibetan and Chinese in teaching, but mostly Tibetan for the major courses. Middle schools also use both languages, and Tibetan classes in middle schools in inland areas also have lessons in Tibetan. By the end of 2012 there were 282,914 primary school students and 177,981 middle school students receiving bilingual education, accounting for 96.88 percent and 90.63 percent of the total respectively in Tibet. Now there are 23,085 bilingual teachers, and 3,700 Tibetan language teachers at schools at different levels. |
| 藏语文在政治生活中得到广泛应用。各级人民代表大会通过的决议、法规，西藏各级人民政府及所属部门发布的正式文件和公告都使用藏、汉两种文字。在司法诉讼程序中，对藏族诉讼参与人都使用藏语文审理案件，法律文书也使用藏文。目前，自治区党委、人大、政府、政协办公厅翻译室，各地(市)编译局和所有县翻译室都实现了办公自动化。全区每年的翻译总量达6000多万字。各单位的公章、证件、表格、信封、信笺、稿纸、标识以及机关、厂矿、学校、车站、机场、商店、宾馆、餐馆、剧场、旅游景点、体育场馆、图书馆等的标牌和街道、交通路标等，均使用藏、汉两种文字。 | Tibetan is widely used in political life. Resolutions, laws and regulations adopted at people's congresses at all levels, and formal documents and declarations published by people's governments at different levels and their subsidiary departments in Tibet are written in both Tibetan and Chinese. In judicial proceedings, Tibetan is used to try cases involving litigants of the Tibetan group; and the Tibetan language is used in writing the legal documents. Automation has been realized in the translation and interpretation departments of the Party Committee, People's Congress, People's Government and CPPCC office of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and such offices at prefecture and county levels. The word count of translation in Tibet is more than 60 million each year. Both Tibetan and Chinese are used in official seals, credentials and certificates, forms, envelopes and letter paper, writing paper, identifiers, signs of work units, factories and mines, schools, stations, airports, shops, hotels, restaurants, theaters, scenic spots, sports venues, libraries, and street and traffic signs. |
| 藏语文类精神文化产品更加丰富。西藏共有14种藏文杂志、10种藏文报纸。西藏人民广播电台开办有42个藏语(包括康巴语)节目、栏目，藏语新闻综合频率每天播音达21小时，康巴语广播频率每天播音18小时，西藏电视台藏语卫视24小时播出节目。2012年，西藏自治区出版藏文书籍780种，印数达431万册。 | More and more intellectual and cultural products in Tibetan are appearing. There are 14 Tibetan-language magazines and ten Tibetan-language newspapers in Tibet. Tibet People's Radio has 42 programs and columns in Tibetan (including Khampa); its Tibetan-language news channel broadcasts 21 hours a day, and its Khampa channel broadcasts 18 hours a day. Tibet TV Station has a Tibetan-language channel broadcasting 24 hours a day. In 2012 some 780 titles of books in the Tibetan language were published in the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total of 4.31 million copies. |
| 藏语文使用迈入信息化。藏文字符计算机编码已通过国家标准和国际标准。国内自主开发的藏文编辑系统、激光照排系统、电子出版系统得到广泛应用。通过互联网和手机等藏语文平台，浏览阅读、收听、收看国内外新闻和各类资讯，成为众多藏语文用户日常生活的一部分。 | In addition, the use of Tibetan is becoming more and more IT-based. Computer coding of Tibetan characters has met the national and international standards. Tibetan editing, laser phototypesetting and electronic publishing developed independently by China are extensively applied. Through the Internet, mobile phones and other means, Tibetans can read, listen to and watch domestic and international news and get all types of information, which has become part of their daily life. |
| 国家在保护和发展藏语言文字的同时，也在包括民族地区在内的全国各地公民中推广汉语普通话。《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》规定：“国家推广普通话，推行规范汉字”、“公民有学习和使用国家通用语言文字的权利”，以“促进各民族、各地区经济文化交流”，“国家通用语言文字的使用应当有利于维护国家主权和民族尊严，有利于国家统一和民族团结，有利于社会主义物质文明建设和精神文明建设”。在中国，任何个人和组织都不能以保护和发展本民族语言文字为借口，抵触或反对推广、学习和使用国家通用语言文字。 | While preserving and developing the Tibetan language, the State also popularizes standard Chinese around the country, including in regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. According to the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, "the State popularizes modern standard Chinese and standardized Chinese characters" and "every Chinese citizen has the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language" so as to "promote economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and regions." In addition, "The use of the standard spoken and written Chinese language should help maintain state sovereignty and national dignity, safeguard state unification and national unity, and promote socialist material, cultural and ethical progress." In China, no individual or organization shall oppose the popularization, study and use of standard spoken and written Chinese language on the pretext of protecting and developing the language and script of their ethnic group. |
| 保护和弘扬优秀文化遗产 | Preserving and carrying forward outstanding cultural heritages |
| 文物古迹得到有效保护。西藏自治区先后颁布《西藏自治区人民政府关于加强文物保护的布告》、《西藏自治区文物保护管理条例》等法规和规定，文物保护工作日益法制化、规范化。目前，西藏有各类文物点4277处(其中国家级55处、自治区级210处)，馆藏文物232万件(套)。布达拉宫、罗布林卡、大昭寺被列入世界文化遗产名录，拉萨、日喀则、江孜被列为国家级历史文化名城，西藏博物馆被列为国家一级博物馆。2000年以来，中央先后投入资金20.4亿元，实施了一系列重点文物保护维修工程。其中，布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺三大重点文物保护维修工程投资3.8亿余元。 | Cultural relics and historic sites have been effectively preserved in the Tibet Autonomous Region, which has issued the Notice of the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Government on Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Relics, and Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and some other laws and regulations to ensure that cultural relics are protected in accordance with the law and due procedures. Currently, Tibet has 4,277 cultural relics sites (including 55 state-level ones and 210 regional ones), and 2.32 million items of cultural relics are in their collection. The Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and Jokhang Temple are on the World Heritage List. Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyangtse are honored as State-level Historical and Cultural Cities. Tibet Museum is a state-level museum. Since 2000 the Central Government has invested 2.04 billion yuan in key projects for the preservation and maintenance of cultural relics in Tibet, among which more than 380 million yuan has been used in the three key projects of the Potala Palace, Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery. |
| 非物质文化遗产得到有效保护、传承和发展。西藏自治区及各地市成立了民族文化遗产抢救、整理和研究机构，对民间文化艺术遗产进行全面普查。先后编辑出版了《中国戏曲志·西藏卷》、《中国民族民间舞蹈集成·西藏卷》、《中国民族民间器乐曲集成·西藏卷》等十大文艺集成志书，收集整理民族音乐、歌曲、曲艺一万余首，文字资料3000多万字。目前，西藏有非物质文化遗产项目近800个，传统戏剧演出机构80多个，传承人1177名。其中，藏戏和《格萨尔》史诗被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录，藏族唐卡、藏族造纸技艺等75个项目被列入国家级非物质文化遗产代表作名录，68名传承人被认定为国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人，323个项目和227名传承人入选自治区级名录，158部珍贵古籍入选国家珍贵古籍名录。文化部和西藏自治区先后命名了5个国家级民间艺术之乡、19个自治区级民间艺术之乡、2个特色艺术之乡。 | The region's intangible cultural heritage has been effectively preserved, promoted and developed. The Regional People's Government and local prefectural (city) governments have set up special organizations to salvage, collate and study the Tibetan cultural heritage, making a general survey of the cultural and artistic heritage of the Tibetan group. These organizations have edited and published Chronicles of Chinese Dramas: Tibet; Collection of Folk Dances: Tibet; Collection of National Instrumental Folk Music: Tibet, and seven other collections, including over 10,000 pieces of folk music, songs and other art forms and over 30 million characters of literary data. Currently, Tibet has nearly 800 intangible cultural heritage projects, over 80 performance troupes of traditional dramas and 1,177 inheritors of such intangible cultural heritage. Tibetan opera and the Gesar epic have been included in UNESCO's Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Tibetan Thangka, Tibetan papermaking technique and 73 other cultural items have been included in China's Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage, and 68 inheritors of such cultural items have been affirmed as representative inheritors of China's Intangible Heritage projects; 323 projects and 227 inheritors have been put on the Tibet Regional List of Intangible Heritage; and 158 books have been put on the State List of Valuable Ancient Books. The Ministry of Culture and Tibet Autonomous Region have named five places as national homes of folk art, 19 as regional homes of folk art, and two as homes of special art. |
| 大力发展藏医药事业 | Developing traditional Tibetan medicine |
| 西藏自治区把藏医药事业发展作为医疗卫生工作的战略重点，制定出台了《关于加强藏医药工作的决定》、《西藏自治区人民政府关于进一步扶持和促进藏医药事业发展的意见》等一系列重要文件，使藏医药学得到保护和发展。西藏各级藏医医疗机构注重发挥特色优势，开展了藏医药特色专科、专药等方面的研究和实践。大力开展藏医药典籍、文献挖掘整理工作，编辑出版了《四部医典大详解》等宝贵文献。目前，西藏有藏医医疗机构19所，在50多所县医院设有藏医科，藏医服务网络基本覆盖全区。藏药生产由手工作坊向现代工业化生产迈进，藏药加工实现标准化、规范化、规模化。目前，西藏注册的20家藏药生产企业全部通过了GMP(优良制作标准)认证，能够生产360多个藏药品种，一些藏药产品销往全国各地和部分国家，藏药产值达数亿元。现代藏医学已经走向全国和世界，服务越来越多的人。 | The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has made the development of traditional Tibetan medicine a key part of its health care strategy. It has drawn up the Decision on Strengthening Traditional Tibetan Medicine Work, Opinions of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Providing More Support to and Promoting the Development of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and some other related documents. These measures are conducive to the protection and development of traditional Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medical establishments at all levels in Tibet exploit their advantages to the full, and study special traditional Tibetan medical treatment techniques and drugs and put them into practice. They collate ancient books, records and documents on traditional Tibetan medicine, and have compiled and published the Annotations on the Four Canons of Medicine and other important documents in this field. Currently, Tibet has 19 Tibetan medical establishments, and over 50 county-level hospitals have departments of Tibetan medicine, making Tibetan medicine accessible to people throughout the region. Traditional Tibetan drugs are now produced in modern factories instead of small manual workshops, meaning they are produced in scale according to standardized procedures. The 20 Tibetan drug manufacturers registered in Tibet all have the GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certificate, and produce over 360 types of Tibetan medicine. Their products are sold in China and some foreign countries. The total value of their products reaches 100 million yuan or more. Traditional Tibetan medicine has gone beyond Tibet, and is now serving more and more people, both in China and around the world. |
| 尊重和保护民族风俗习惯 | Respecting and protecting customs and folkways of ethnic minorities |
| 国家尊重和保障西藏各族人民按照自己的传统风俗习惯生活和进行社会活动的权利，尊重和保障他们按照自己的意愿进行正常的宗教信奉、祭祀活动以及参加重大的宗教和民间节日活动的自由。西藏各族人民在保持本民族的服饰、饮食、住房的传统方式和风格的同时，在衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶各方面也吸收了不少新的现代文化习俗。拉萨雪顿节、日喀则珠峰文化艺术节、山南雅砻艺术节、林芝大峡谷文化旅游节、昌都康巴艺术节、那曲恰青赛马节、阿里象雄文化艺术节等节庆得到恢复和创新，成为地域性民族文化品牌。三八妇女节、五一劳动节、六一儿童节、十一国庆节等全国乃至世界性的新兴节庆集会越来越受欢迎，形成了既有民族特色又有时代精神的新风俗、新习惯。在物质生活日益改善的条件下，每个节日都是群众精神上的一次盛宴，增加了越来越多的休闲娱乐内容。与亲朋好友一起过林卡是西藏百姓的休闲首选，表演歌舞的朗玛厅、遍布大街小巷的甜茶馆等是业余娱乐的主要场所。 | The State respects and protects the right of all ethnic groups in Tibet to live and conduct social activities according to their own traditional customs and folkways; it respects and protects their freedom in attending normal religious service, performing sacrificial rituals, and taking part in major religious activities and folk festivals. While maintaining their traditional ways and styles of clothing, diet and housing, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have absorbed new, modern customs in terms of clothing, food, housing, transportation, and wedding and funeral ceremonies. The Shoton Festival in Lhasa, Mt. Qomolangma Culture and Art Festival in Shigatse, Yarlung Art Festival in Shannan, the Great Canyon Culture and Tourism Festival in Nyingchi, Kham Art Festival in Qamdo, Horse Racing Festival in Nagqu, Shangshung Culture and Art Festival in Ngari, and some other festivals have been revived. National and international festivals such as the March 8th International Women's Day, May 1st Labor Day, June 1st Children's Day, and October 1st National Day are becoming more and more popular. New customs and habits have been formed encompassing both national characteristics and spirit of the time. While the people's material life keeps improving, every festival is a feast for the mind, giving them more and more recreational activities. Tibetan people like to spend the Incense Festival with relatives and friends; while Langma halls for song and dance performance and sweet tea houses are major places for Tibetan leisure and recreational activities. |
| 不断提高公共文化服务水平 | Constantly enhancing public cultural services |
| 近年来，西藏自治区不断加大投入，加强文化基础设施建设，通过实施广播电视“村村通”、“户户通”，建设县乡村图书馆及文化馆站(室)，开展有线电视数字化，推广数字图书馆，建设公共电子阅览室，以及实施农家书屋、寺庙书屋、“春雨工程”全国文化志愿者边疆行等文化惠民工程，切实保障人民群众的文化权益。到2012年底，已建群众艺术馆8座、图书馆77座、博物馆2座、县级综合文化活动中心73个、乡镇综合文化站239个、村文化室500余座，文化信息资源共享工程自治区中心1座、县级分中心73座、乡镇基层点103个、村级服务点3000多个，初步形成了从自治区到地(市)、县、乡、村的文化设施网络格局。2012年，自治区完成5.05万户农牧民的广播电视“户户通”建设任务，全区85％以上的农牧户实现“户户通”。拉萨市区131个单位(小区)完成有线数字电视整体转换，建成5个地市核心分平台。全面实现农牧区电影放映数字化，在农牧区放映公益电影13万余场。2012年，全年译制电视节目突破1万小时、电影75部。全区已建立农家书屋5451个、寺庙书屋1700多个，实现所有行政村有农家书屋、所有藏传佛教寺庙有寺庙书屋。全区有10个专业文艺团体，20多个县级民间艺术团，160余支业余文艺演出队和民间藏戏团队，有各门类文化艺术工作者4000余人，以藏族为主的文化艺术队伍不断发展壮大。专业艺术团体不断加大艺术创作力度，推出京剧与藏戏《文成公主》，大型歌舞《多彩哈达》、《天上西藏》、《西藏春天》，话剧《解放，解放》、《扎西岗》，电影《唐卡》等等。西藏对外文化交流日趋频繁。60年来，先后派出团(组)360多个，近4000人(次)，访问了50多个国家和地区，在海外110多个城市进行了文化交流演出，接待30多个国家和地区的200余名专家学者赴藏演出、讲学和举办展览。 | In recent years Tibet has invested more and more in building its cultural infrastructure. Radio and television are accessible to every village and household, and there are libraries and cultural centers at county, township and village levels, popularized digital TV on the basis of cable TV and digital libraries, electronic reading rooms for the public, and other cultural projects for the people, including libraries in the countryside and monasteries and the Spring Rain Project, in which cultural volunteers from other parts of China go to the frontier to serve the people there. Through these efforts, the local government tries to protect the people's cultural rights. By the end of 2012 Tibet had built eight people's art centers, 77 libraries, two museums, 73 county-level cultural centers, 239 township-level cultural stations, over 500 village cultural rooms. In addition, it had one regional center, 73 county-level sub-centers, 103 township-level stations, and over 3,000 village-level stations as part of the project for sharing cultural information and resources. As a result, a network of cultural facilities has taken shape, from the regional level at the top all the way to the villages at the bottom. In 2012 Tibet completed the task of providing radio and television access to 50,500 households of farmers and herdsmen, bringing the number of such households to over 85 percent of the total. Lhasa completed the digital conversion of cable TV in 131 communities, and built five core sub-platforms at the prefectural or city level. Digital film screening service is now available in all farming and pastoral areas, with films shown on over 130,000 occasions for free. In 2012 Tibet dubbed over 10,000 hours of TV programs and 75 films. It built 5,451 small libraries in the countryside and over 1,700 libraries in monasteries, making such facilities accessible in all administrative villages and all monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibet now has ten professional performing art troupes, over 20 county-level folk art troupes, over 160 amateur performing art and Tibetan opera troupes, and over 4,000 cultural and performing art professionals. Professional performing art troupes have worked harder in artistic creation, launching Princess Wencheng in Peking Opera and Tibetan Opera forms, Colorful Hada, Heavenly Tibet and Tibet Spring in song and dance performances, Liberation, Liberation and Tashigang in drama form, and a film titled Thangka. Moreover, Tibet has enhanced its cultural exchanges with other countries and regions. Over the past 60 years it has sent more than 360 groups or teams of nearly 4,000 people to over 50 countries and regions for visits and for performances in over 110 overseas cities. It has also received over 200 experts and scholars from over 30 countries and regions for performances, lectures and exhibitions. |
| 尊重和保护宗教信仰自由 | Respecting and protecting freedom of religious belief |
| 中国宪法规定，宗教信仰自由是公民的一项基本权利。西藏是一个藏传佛教、苯教、伊斯兰教和天主教等多种宗教并存的地区，在藏传佛教内部还存在不同教派。经过民主改革，西藏废除政教合一制度，实行政教分离，去除被封建农奴制度玷污了的东西，恢复宗教的本来面目，实现了真正的宗教信仰自由和不同宗教、不同教派间的宗教宽容。中央政府和西藏自治区政府充分尊重公民的宗教信仰自由权利，各种宗教、各个教派都平等地得到尊重和保护，正常的宗教活动和宗教信仰依法受到保护。目前，西藏有各类宗教活动场所1787座，住寺僧尼4.6万余人，活佛358名。藏传佛教是西藏大多数群众信奉的宗教。寺庙学经、辩经、晋升学位、受戒、灌顶、修行等传统宗教活动正常进行，每逢重大宗教节日都循例举行各种活动。活佛转世作为藏传佛教特有的传承方式得到国家的尊重，目前已有40多位新转世活佛按历史定制和宗教仪轨得到认定。 | According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Chinese citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief as a basic right. In Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Islam, Catholicism and some other religions coexist, and there are different sects within Tibetan Buddhism. After the democratic reform, Tibet abolished feudal serfdom under theocracy and separated religion from government, removed what had been tarnished by feudal serfdom and restored the true nature of religion, realizing true freedom of religious belief and religious tolerance between different religious beliefs and sects. The Central Government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region fully respect citizens' freedom of religious belief, respect and protect all religions and sects, and protect normal religious activities and beliefs according to law. Currently, Tibet has 1,787 places for different religious activities, over 46,000 resident monks and nuns, and 358 Living Buddhas. The majority of the people in Tibet believe in Tibetan Buddhism. Traditional religious activities such as scripture learning and debate, degree promotion, initiation into monkhood or nunhood, abhisheka (empowerment ceremony) and self-cultivation are held on a regular basis, while ceremonial activities are also held at important religious festivals. Living Buddha reincarnation is a special succession system of Tibetan Buddhism and is respected by the State. So far, over 40 incarnated Living Buddhas have been confirmed through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions. |
| 在今天的西藏，旅游者不难发现悬挂的经幡、刻有佛教经文的玛尼堆以及从事宗教活动的信教群众。信教群众家中普遍设有经堂或佛龛，转经、朝佛、请寺庙僧尼做法事等宗教活动正常进行。西藏自治区及其7个地市均设有佛教协会，中国佛教协会西藏分会办有佛学院、印经院和藏文会刊《西藏佛教》。寺院的壁画、雕刻、塑像、唐卡、经卷、法器、佛龛等宗教文化载体，得到保护和修缮。大量宗教文献典籍得到抢救、整理、出版。各寺庙的传统印经院得到继承和发展，现有木如寺印经院、布达拉宫印经院等大型传统印经院近60家，年印经卷6.3万种，民间经书销售摊点20家。在宗教管理上，国家坚持政教分离的方针，依法加强对宗教活动的管理，宗教不得干预国家行政、司法和教育，任何个人或组织不得利用宗教从事违法活动。 | In present-day Tibet it is not difficult to see prayer flags, Mani stones inscribed with Buddhist scriptures, and believers taking part in religious activities. Ordinary believers usually have a scripture hall or a Buddha shrine at home, and such religious activities as circumambulation while reciting scriptures, Buddha worship, and inviting lamas or nuns from monasteries to hold religious rites are normally conducted. The Tibet Autonomous Region and its seven prefectures or cities have each set up a Buddhist Society; the Tibet Branch of the Buddhist Association of China runs a Buddhist college, a sutra printing house, and a Tibetan-language journal - Buddhism in Tibet. Tibet has protected and repaired murals, carvings, statues, Thangka, sutras, religious ritual implements, shrines, and some other carriers of religious culture. It has also salvaged, collated and published a great number of religious books and records. It has promoted the development of conventional sutra printing houses at monasteries. There are now nearly 60 such sutra printing houses in Tibet, including one in the Moru Monastery and one in the Potala Palace; they print 63,000 sutra titles every year. In addition, there are 20 private shops selling these sutras. Regarding religious management, the State upholds the policy of separating religion from government; it strengthens the administration of religious activities according to law, prohibits religion from intervening in the country's administration, justice system and education, and allows no individual or organization to use religion for illegal activities. |
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