一、不合习惯的说法
不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话,一个词,在一个国家表达的是好意,引起人们好的联想和情感,在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意思,引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意,就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异,在译文中加以运用,就可以收到较好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题,只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时,可以更灵活些,按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。
1、见面问候
中国人见面时喜欢问:吃过了吗? (Have you had breakfast / lunch / supper?) 到哪去? (Where are you going?) 这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”,人家会以为你要了解人家的私事,对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问:“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法,如How are you? / How do you do? / How have you been doing? / Hello! / Hey! 等。用哪一句来表达你的问候,取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之,这一类的问候语,直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙,还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。
2、对病人的问候
中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面,对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如:中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说:得知贵体欠佳,深感不安和关切。直译:I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness. 但这样翻译会使病人感到病情很重,只能加重病人的顾虑,达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯,可译为:I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery. 这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情,又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。
3、对待他人的表扬和感谢
在受到表扬或感谢时,中国人往往比较谦虚,会说:“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者“哪里,哪里,我还做得很差。”如果直译:It is nothing. / This is my duty. / This is what I should do. / Well, I have not done very well. / There is still much to be improved. 所有这些谦恭的话,在外国人听起来,都会显得做作。西方人通常会说:It’s my pleasure. / Thank you for your kind words. / I feel flattered. 翻译这些话时,宜根据西方的习惯来译。
4、迎接外宾时
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说:“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after the long flight / journey. 而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气,不喜欢被人认为体弱,或有疲劳感。因此,上述问候话直译效果不好,可译成:How was the flight? / Have you had a pleasant flight? 或者You have had a long flight.
二、不够委婉的语气
有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突,直译可能会使人感到不太客气,甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法,在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。
例1:中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场,同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。
直译:Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market. 这么直译也许会让人担心,以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如:You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.
例2:我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。
直译:I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.
这样翻译,显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的,但说得客气一点效果更好。可译为:I would like to brief you on China’s economic development, which might be of interest to you.
另外,我们打交道的人大多是上层人士,我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言,否则,会产生距离、反感,从而失去朋友,有损我形象。
1974年,加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说,我方翻译像警察,原因是那天早晨,翻译到他房间对他说:You have breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave here for the airport at 9. OK? 语言简单、生硬、不礼貌,给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说:Breakfast is at 8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30? We are going to leave here for the airport at 9.
曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时,大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道说:“Excuse me”,在宣布事情时总是:Attention please. 而不是说:Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please. 结果一位外宾对此感到不快,说:I don’t want to talk to that wild girl.
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