三.介词、连词与句子结构
21.When such a physical limit is reached, the food consumption and nutrition intake of the people would generally not increase despite of further rise in income.
22.There was already a lot of discussions about the crisis in the economic as well as technical levels.
23.On a certain degree, it is the goal but not the reality.
24.The property assessment in the enterprise must be assessed by professional staffs and institutions that passed examination of the state.
25.Having summed up the preliminary experience of reform in the cities and rural areas, the principle of…
26.We should, from a long-term point of view, make efforts in developing the rural economy to reduce rural-urban disparity, therefore, labor migration from urban to rural areas, driven by benefit, will appear.
27.The financial reform in China has made great progress, however, the whole financial market is still under restraint.
28.But the question is, health is everybody’s basic right, what is the reason to legally enforce some people to donate their blood just for other people’s health?
29.Government is no longer responsible for gain and loss in state enterprises since the reform, soft budget restriction in the enterprise changes more or less, the financial pressure for the enterprise aggravates.
30.The reform of state owned enterprise was set as a key part of overall economic reform at the beginning of 80’s, since then the governments at central and local levels, entrepreneurs and economists have denoted much attentions and exerted many efforts to the reform, but one has to admit that comparing to the reforms in all the other fields in country, until now the reform of state enterprise is in the state of lowest point of “efficiency of input-output ”, from all views, the achievements we have made can not match the huge efforts (personnel resources, materials, finances and energies) we have exerted.
介词是英语里最灵活的一个词类,它能引出介词短语在句中发挥各种作用,它能跟动词连用,把不及物动词变成及物动词,引出宾语。总之,介词在英语里广泛使用,在汉语里许多用动词表达的意思,在英语里可以用介词来表达。然而介词又是英语里一个很机械的词类,它有许多固定的说法,稍一改变,不是不合用法,就是产出了别的意思。这就使我们感到很困难,必须用心体会,牢牢记住。
例21,despite就是介词,等于in spite of,因此不能说despite of,也不能说in despite of。例22,levels前面不能用in。levels在这里指的是讨论问题的角度,前面可用on。例23,习惯说法应是To a certain degree。此外,例1中的in respect to也是不行的。可以说in respect of,也可以说with respect to,这是固定的,是不能换的。例13中的on 1954也是不行的,on只能用于日期,这里一定要用in。
例24,主语是assessment,和动词must be assessed不搭配。把assessment删去,用property作主语,就和动词搭配了。例25,分词短语和主语不搭配,把principle换掉,用人来作主语就可以了。
在英语里,therefore和however都是副词,不是连词,不能起连接分句的作用。词典举例:He’s only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote. | We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors. 例26,可在第1个分句末尾加and。例27,可将however前面的逗号改为分号,或将此逗号改为句号,下面另起一句。
例28,前半句是陈述句,后半句是问句。英语一般不这样说,可以分成两句,一个陈述句,一个问句,各自独立。也可以考虑在But后面加一个as,把前半句变成一个从句。
汉语有时把几个短句放在一个长句里,只用逗号,不用连词,前后关系自明,这就是王力先生所说的“意合”。但这种作法在英语里则行不通。英语喜欢用连词,把前后关系说得清清楚楚,否则就不要放在一个句子里,这就是所谓“形合”。
例29和例30就有这样的问题。现在别的问题都不谈了,只谈长句里面短句之间的联系。例29有三个短句,只用逗号相连是不行的,至少要把第3个短句之前的逗号改为and。例30很长,它所包含的三个短句也都有一定的长度,因此最好把它分成三句,从since then开始另起一句,然后从from all views开始再起一句,这样就好多了。
看到这里,读者也许会说,你啰嗦了这半天,但所谈内容的深度似乎并未超出任何一本简单的英语语法。的确是这样,本文所谈全是语法书里讲的最基本的道理,学英语的人没有没学过的。但知道这些规则是一回事,能正确运用这些规则是另一回事。
本文所谈的十八篇文章,译文质量也不一样,有几篇质量很高,其余的则问题较多,参加工作的这二十多位译者和校阅者肯定学过好多年英语,掌握的词汇量很大,有不少翻译经验和专业知识,能翻译有一定深度的相当专门的文章。如果说他们还有什么不够的地方,那就是基本功还不够扎实,使用英语有许多漏洞。基本功问题不属于翻译问题,只是在翻译过程中暴露出来而已。不过事到如今,停下来重新练基本功,弥补这些漏洞已不可能,那就只能在今后的工作中针对这个弱点下功夫。
我觉得,在这一方面,有两件事可以做。一是勤查词典,稍有犹豫就去查一查,正确的拼法,可数不可数,及物不及物,在句中怎样用,这些问题在字典里都可以解决。二是注意别人怎样用,不要视而不见。有人学了许多年英语,竟然不知道cannot是一个词,不能分开写,他们视而不见的毛病也太厉害了。只要做个有心人,注意观察,把基本功一天加固一点儿,日积月累,几年下来一定会大见成效。
1970年,周恩来总理针对翻译工作有一篇讲话。他说:“搞翻译不是那么简单的,不是懂几句外国话就行的。不但要有政治水平,同时要有较高的文化水平。没有基本功和丰富的知识不行。基本功包括三个方面:政治思想、语言本身和各种文化知识。”
你的基本功怎么样啊?
作者:庄绎传,全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试英语专家委员会顾问,北京外国语大学教授
(来源:catti.net.cn)
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