有时,词典对某些词汇的释义有差异,因而产生迷惑。而根据英英词典而成的英汉字典,则可能使之雪上加霜。以bilingual一词为例:
《新英汉词典》:(1) 两种语言的,用两种语言写(印)的;(2) 使用两种语言的。
《英华大词典》:(1) 两国语言的;(2) 能讲两国话的;(3) 用两种语言书写(印刷)的。
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: able to speak two languages equally well.
Webster's New World Dictionary: 1 of or in two languages 2 using or capable of using two languages, esp. with equal or nearly equal facility.
四本工具书中的释义之别,不难察之。简单如"The renowned IT giant needs bilingual engineers",若查阅以上四部词典,则差别大矣。
四、不可迷信一部词典
一部工具书,不论如何优秀,总有掩瑜之瑕。因此,不可一部工具书包打天下。查阅不同的工具书,往往可以相互补充,有助于翻译工作。
如call into question,在Contemporary Oxford Dictionary和Longman Dictionary of Contemporary中只有call in question;在Webster's New World Dictionary,有call into question: to raise a question or doubt about一解;而在The Random House College Dictionary中,更有call in or into question: to dispute, challenge之注。此短语之意,得之。
对于专业性词汇,不同工具书中释义的“专业”程度迥异。如jack-knife,《新英汉词典》:(跳入水中前弯身的) 一种跳水法;《英华大词典》:躯体跳水法;《英汉大词典》:(体)屈体跳水,镰刀式跳水。
工具书形形色色,信手查阅,往往有所得。如This is the most wonderful and most exciting picture ever made; … more expensive than Chu Chin Chow, more beautiful than Romeo and Juliet一句中,Remeo and Juliet出自莎翁名剧,众所周知;然Chu Chin Chow何许人也?译界前辈董乐山在《英汉美国社会小词典》中有注:Chun Chin Chow为《朱清周》,乃英国人诺顿(Frederick Norton)根据阿里巴巴故事所编歌舞剧,假托中国人名。该剧1916年在伦敦上演,连续两千多场,轰动一时。时有"One night before departing back to his estates, Julius, without previous warning, had invited Mrs. Baxter to the theatre to see the popular musical comedy of that year called Chun Chin Chow."为证。
五、不妨偶尔放弃字典
随着经济、社会、科技的飞速发展,新领域、新事物不断展开,新的词汇层出不穷。因此,在翻译某些前沿文章时,往往有捉襟见肘、力不从心之感。
黑人英语。"Tha nigger son of you is erroun here somewheres n we aim t find him.Ef yuh tell us where he is n ef he talks mabbe he'll get off easy."一句,如同天书一般。而用标准英语表达"That nigger son of yours is around here somewhere and we aim to find him. If you tell us where he is and if he talks maybe he'll get off easy."则容易理解得多。原句中的Tha, erroun, Ef, mabbe.…在词典中无法查出。
合成词。如"The lady is now suffering from haptephobia."一句中,haptephobia是何病症?遍查诸多英汉词典而不得。沉下来分析,haptic(触觉的)+ phobia(对……恐惧),似乎“触觉恐惧症”顺理成章。
变体词。"Camelon which may be the best known of all animals that change colors rapidly."中,Cameleon是Chameleons的变体,而一般词典不会收入。
外来词。作为一种开放性语言,英语接受不少外来词,法语、德语、西班牙语、中文等。因此,若出现既非新词,又非土语、变体词、合成词时,则很可能为外来词。那么,不妨放下英语字典,而求助于其他语种的专家或工具书。
总之,工具书对于翻译,意义不可谓不大。不过,只有语言才是沟通的媒介,而独立的字、词、短语只有在句子中、文章中才有意义。因此,翻译中,除多查工具书外,更多的是依据上下文而求得真译。
(来源:随你译)
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