《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书
White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China
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| 四、慢性非传染性疾病防治 | IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders |
| 伴随中国工业化、城镇化、老龄化进程的加快，居民慢性病患病、死亡呈现持续快速增长趋势。中国现有确诊慢性病患者2.6亿人，慢性病导致的死亡占中国总死亡的85％，导致的疾病负担占总疾病负担的70％。 | Accelerated industrialization, urbanization and ageing of the population have brought about a trend of a continuous and rapid increase in the incidence of chronic diseases and mortality caused by such diseases. At present, about 260 million Chinese have been diagnosed to have contracted chronic diseases that have caused 85% of total deaths in China and incurred 70% of total medical costs. |
| 中国政府把防治慢性病作为增进公众健康、改善民生的重要任务，逐步建立起覆盖全国的慢性病防治服务体系，对主要慢性病进行分级管理，实施综合防控策略，全面提高慢性病综合防治能力，努力降低人群慢性病危险因素水平，减少慢性病发病率、致残率和死亡率。 | The Chinese government regards chronic disease prevention and treatment as an important task in improving the people's health and well-being. It has established step by step a nationwide prevention and treatment service for chronic diseases, adopted level-by-level management over certain major chronic diseases, implemented a comprehensive control strategy, enhanced the overall prevention and treatment capacity over chronic diseases, made efforts to reduce factors that cause chronic diseases and bring down the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases as well as disability caused by them. |
| 促进慢性病防治结合。2002年以来，慢性病防控策略逐步实现由重治疗向防治结合方向的转变。国家级层面形成了以中国疾控中心、国家癌症中心和国家心血管病中心为主要技术支撑的慢性病防控格局。各地逐步形成了由疾控机构、基层医疗卫生机构、医院和专业防治机构共同构筑的慢性病防控工作网络。提出早诊断、早治疗，降低发病率、病死率和病残率的慢性病防治目标，面向一般人群、高危人群和患病人群，对心脑血管病、恶性肿瘤、糖尿病和慢性阻塞性肺病等主要慢性病，血压升高、血糖升高、胆固醇升高和超重/肥胖等主要生物危险因素，以及烟草使用、不健康饮食、缺少体力活动和过量饮酒等主要行为危险因素，实施有效干预。 | Integration has been promoted between prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Since 2002, China's strategy for prevention and control of chronic diseases has gradually shifted to placing equal emphasis on prevention and treatment from laying stress on treatment alone. At the state level, a chronic disease prevention and control system, which takes as its technical support the China Center for Disease Control, the National Cancer Center of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, has gradually taken shape. In the localities, networks of chronic disease prevention and control have gradually been formed, comprising the local disease control institutions, grass-roots medical and healthcare institutions, hospitals as well as professional prevention and treatment organizations. The principle of early diagnosis and early treatment was proposed, in a bid to realize the targets of reducing the rate of morbidity, mortality and disability in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Primary attention has been directed at the general public, the high-risk population and people with diseases. For major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, diabetes and chronic obstructive lung diseases, effective medical interventions should be taken to reduce biological risk factors, like high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high cholesterol in blood and overweight/obesity, and behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercises and excessive drinking. |
| 制定慢性病防控措施。出台《中国慢性病防治工作规划(2012—2015年)》等一系列慢性病防控政策性文件和慢性病防治指南。从2005年开始，实施癌症早诊早治等慢性病防治重大专项。2007年，在全国启动全民健康生活方式行动，多途径、多形式、多角度推动健康生活方式行为养成。2009年，将高血压、糖尿病、老年人健康管理纳入医改基本公共卫生服务项目内容。2010年启动国家级慢性病综合防控示范区建设工作，提高慢性病综合防控能力。大力开展儿童口腔疾病综合干预，预防儿童龋齿。 | Measures for chronic disease control and prevention have been worked out. China has issued the "National Program for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention (2012-2015)" and other relevant policy documents and guidelines. Starting in 2005, such major special programs as that for early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer have been put into implementation. In 2007, a nationwide movement of healthy lifestyle was launched in the general public, employing various measures and channels to encourage the people to cultivate a healthy lifestyle. In 2009, the government included hypertension, diabetes and elders' health management in the basic public health services amidst medical reform. In 2010, China set out to build state-level demonstration areas in chronic disease prevention and control capacity, aiming at enhancing the comprehensive prevention and control capability against chronic diseases. Comprehensive intervention has been vigorously carried out for early-childhood oral disorders to prevent dental caries among children. |
| 建立慢性病信息管理系统。实施慢性病综合监测，开展慢性病危险因素监测、慢性病患病监测、死因监测、营养健康状态监测、恶性肿瘤随访登记，建立和逐步完善覆盖全生命周期的围绕慢性病及其危险因素流行情况的慢性病信息系统，为国家开展慢性病防控工作提供科学的基础数据。 | Information management system of chronic diseases has been established. China enforces comprehensive surveillance of chronic diseases, monitors the risk factors of such diseases, the incidence, the causes of death, and nutrition and health conditions of people suffering from these diseases, and has established cancer registries, thereby establishing and gradually improving an information system that centers around chronic diseases and the prevalence of their risk factors, so as to provide scientific basic data for the state's chronic disease prevention and control efforts. |
| 开展健康教育和健康促进活动。持续开展“全国亿万农民健康促进行动”、“相约健康社区行”、“健康素养促进行动”等。逐步建立健康教育体系，初步形成多部门合作、全社会参与的健康教育格局。居民健康素养基本知识和技能日益普及，自我保健意识和能力不断提高。加大控烟宣传力度，提高公众对烟草危害的认识，逐步形成全社会支持控烟的氛围。世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》2006年1月在中国生效以来，各地积极推动公共场所控烟立法，建设无烟环境。 | Health education and promotion movements have been carried out. China will continue to promote the "national health-promotion campaign for farmers," "healthy community campaign," "healthy manners promotion campaign," and other health-promotion campaigns. Efforts will be made to gradually build a health education system featuring cooperation among multiple departments and the whole-society participation. Knowledge of and skills related to health will become increasingly widespread among the Chinese people, and their awareness of good health and ability to keep healthy are being constantly enhanced. Publicity has been intensified for tobacco control to enhance the public's awareness of the hazards of smoking, and eventually creating the atmosphere that the whole society support tobacco control. Since China joined the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control in January 2006, the various localities in China have made proactive efforts to legalize control of smoking in public places for a smoking-free environment. |
| 重视维护公众的精神健康。颁布精神卫生法，通过立法规范精神卫生服务，保护精神障碍患者的权益。完善重性精神疾病防治网络，加强精神卫生医疗机构救治急重性精神疾病能力建设，建立医院与社区相互支持和配合的重性精神疾病防治工作机制。把精神卫生专业人员列入“十二五”时期急需紧缺的人才类别，加强人才培养工作。规范患者服务管理，启用国家重性精神疾病基本数据收集分析系统，实现病人信息电子化管理。目前，在城市社区和农村居家接受规范管理的重性精神疾病患者有302.6万人。 | Maintenance of people's mental health has been valued. China issued the Mental Health Law to regulate the mental health services and protect the rights and interests of people with mental disorders. The Chinese government strives to improve the prevention and treatment network of severe mental illnesses, enhance the ability of mental healthcare institutions to treat and cure acute or severe mental illnesses, and has established a working mechanism for severe mental illness prevention and treatment in which psychiatric hospitals and communities support and cooperate with each other. China has included professionals in mental health services as the urgently needed task during the 12th Five-Year Plan, and has intensified their training. It has standardized patient services and management, launched a basic data collection and analysis system for severe mental illnesses, and digitized data on patients. At present, there are 3.026 million people with serious mental disorders in China's urban and rural areas who are receiving standard management at their homes. |
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