《美国全球监听行动纪录》全文
Full Text: The United States' Global Surveillance Record
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| 一、美国在全球范围广泛从事秘密监听 | I. The United States conducts widespread secret surveillance across the globe |
| 1. 美国监听世界政要 | 1. The United States eavesdrops on world leaders |
| 2013年底，英国《卫报》报道，包含联合国秘书长潘基文、德国总理默克尔、巴西总统罗塞夫等多达35国领导人都出现在美国国家安全局的监听名单上。 | At the end of 2013, The Guardian reported that as many as 35 leaders were on the NSA surveillance list, including United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. |
| 德国《明镜》周刊今年3月29日援引斯诺登提供的文件披露，美国国家安全局2009年针对122名外国领导人实施监控，并建有一个专门存放外国领导人信息的数据库，其中关于德国总理默克尔的报告就有300份。名单从“A”开始，按每人名字的首字母顺序排列，第一位是时任马来西亚总理阿卜杜拉·巴达维，默克尔排在“A”区的第九位。122人名单的最后一位是尤利娅·季莫申科，时任乌克兰总理。 | On March 29 this year, the German news magazine Der Spiegel, citing a secret document from Snowden, revealed that 122 world leaders were under NSA surveillance in 2009, and the agency built a secret database on world leaders which contains 300 reports on Merkel. The list is in alphabetical order by first name, starting from "A," with the then prime minister of Malaysia Abdullah Badawi heading the list and Merkel sitting at the 9th spot in the "A" zone. The last on the list was Yulia Tymoshenko, who was then prime minister of Ukraine. |
| 德国“明镜在线”报道，联合国总部、欧盟常驻联合国代表团都在美国国家安全局的监听范围之内，监听内容涉及政治、经济、商业等领域。 | According to Spiegel Online, the NSA spied on UN headquarters and the EU mission to the UN. The surveillance covers politics, the economy and commerce. |
| 美国国家安全局2012年夏季成功侵入了联合国总部的内部视频电话会议设备，并破解了加密系统。被曝光的秘密文件说，“数据传输给我们送来了联合国内部视频电话会议。” | In the summer of 2012, the NSA succeeded in breaking into the UN video conference system and cracking its encrypted system. "The data traffic gives us internal video teleconferences of the United Nations," Der Spiegel quoted one document as saying. |
| 美国《纽约时报》报道，2010年5月，当联合国安理会考虑是否要因为伊朗的核计划而制裁该国的时候，数个理事国的投票意向悬而未决。当时的美国驻联合国大使苏珊·赖斯请求美国国家安全局的协助，“以便她制定应对策略”。美国国家安全局很快起草出了监控四个理事国外交官所需的法律文件。 | According to the New York Times, in May 2010, when the United Nations Security Council was considering whether or not to give sanctions against Iran over its nuclear program, several members were swinging. Susan Rice, then U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, asked the NSA for help "so that she could develop a strategy." The NSA swiftly drew up the paperwork to obtain legal approval for spying on the diplomats of four Security Council members. |
| 根据斯诺登曝光的文件，美国国家安全局已经渗透的使馆与使团名单包括巴西、保加利亚、哥伦比亚、欧盟、法国、格鲁吉亚、希腊、印度、意大利、日本、墨西哥、斯洛文尼亚、南非、韩国、委内瑞拉和越南。 | According to documents leaked by Snowden, the NSA has spied on delegations from and embassies of Brazil, Bulgaria, Columbia, the European Union, France, Georgia, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Venezuela and Vietnam, among others. |
| 除了联合国总部，欧盟和国际原子能机构的IT基础设施和服务器信息已被美国掌握。欧盟驻联合国机构变换了办公地点，搬进新的办公室后，美国仍在继续其窃听行为。 | Apart from the UN Headquarters, the information technology infrastructure and servers of the EU and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have also been grasped by the U.S. . When the EU moved its UN office, the U.S. relocated its bugs. |
| 斯诺登提供给英国《卫报》的一份文件显示，美方设于英国北约克郡一处情报分支机构在2009年的20国集团峰会上监听俄罗斯时任总统梅德韦杰夫与国内的卫星通话。这次监听的时间是梅德韦杰夫与美国总统奥巴马举行会谈后数小时，两人在会谈中刚刚就建立互信达成共识。 | A document released by Snowden to the Guardian reveals that American spies based in North Yorkshire in the UK intercepted the top-secret communications of then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at the 2009 G20 Summit. This was just hours after Obama and Medvedev reached a consensus to build mutual trust during their talks. |
| 一份日期标注为2012年6月的机密文件显示，当时还是墨西哥总统候选人的培尼亚的电子邮件曾被美国国家安全局秘密窃取，其内容包括了培尼亚准备提名的部分内阁成员等。美国国家安全局在窃取巴西总统罗塞夫的通讯资料时，使用了一种特殊的电脑程序，可以拦截电子邮件及网络聊天的内容。 | A classified document dated June 2012 shows that then Mexican presidential candidate Enrique Pena Nieto's emails about naming some cabinet members were read by the NSA. The U.S. secret service also monitored the communications of Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff and used a special software to track her emails and online chat. |
| 在2007年联合国气候变化大会上，澳大利亚情报机构国防情报局同美国国家安全局对印尼开展了大规模的监听活动。 | Australian spy agency the Defense Signals Directorate worked alongside the NSA in mounting a massive surveillance operation on Indonesia during the UN climate change conference in Bali in 2007. |
| 2010年6月G20峰会在多伦多召开时，美国国家安全局进行了为期六天的间谍活动，美国驻加拿大使馆当时则变身为安全指挥部。 | During the G20 Summit in Toronto in June 2010, the NSA ran a six-day spying operation at the U.S. embassy in Canada. |
| 曝光文件还显示，日本与巴西、伊拉克被共同列为美国“经济稳定与影响”领域的重点监控国。此外，“最新战略科学技术”领域的重点监控对象包括俄罗斯、印度、德国、法国、韩国、以色列、新加坡、瑞典及日本；“外交政策”领域包括中国、德国、法国、俄罗斯、伊朗、朝鲜及日本等17国及联合国。 | Leaked documents also show that Japan, Brazil and Iraq are key intelligence targets of U.S. eavesdroppers for their "economic stability and impact" mission. For the "emerging strategic technologies" mission, Russia is a focus, along with India, Germany, France, South Korea, Israel, Singapore, Sweden and Japan. China, Germany, France, Russia, Iran, North Korea, Japan and another 10 countries, plus the UN, are listed as key targets of the "foreign policy" mission. |
| 《纽约时报》总结说，美国国家安全局之所以“敌友不分地进行日常监控”，是为达成“对法德等同盟国的外交优先地位”和“对日本及巴西的经济优先地位”。 | The New York Times concluded that the NSA "spies routinely on friends as well as foes" to achieve "diplomatic advantage over such allies as France and Germany" and "economic advantage over Japan and Brazil." |
| 2. 美国监控全球民众 | 2. The United States spies on the public all over the world |
| 美国专门监控互联网的项目非常庞大，可以监控某个目标网民的几乎所有互联网活动。英国《卫报》披露，美国情报人员利用名为“XKeyscore”的项目监控互联网活动。该项目在全球多处配备500个服务器。这家报纸评价其是美国国家安全局“最庞大”监控项目，称情报人员“可以监控某个目标网民的几乎所有互联网活动”。 | The U.S. surveillance on the Internet is so massive that it is able to monitor nearly everything a targeted user does on the Internet. According to the Guardian, American intelligence uses a secret surveillance system known as XKeyscore, comprising 500 servers distributed around the world, to mine intelligence from the Internet. Leaked documents boast that XKeyscore is the NSA's "widest reaching" system covering "nearly everything a typical user does on the Internet." |
| 斯诺登曝光的文件显示，美国国家安全局通过接入全球移动网络，每天收集全球高达近50亿份手机通话的位置纪录，并汇聚成庞大数据库。美国国家安全局大规模搜集全球手机短信息，每天收集大约20亿条。 | Documents released by Snowden show that the NSA gathers around 5 billion records each day on the whereabouts of cell phones and these records comprise a vast database of information. Also, the NSA collected about 2 billion cell phone text messages each day from around the world. |
| 一些美国媒体认为，美情报机构对嫌疑人相关电话进行窃听以掌握情报并非新闻，但涉及国外如此海量信息的收集相当不可思议。 | Some U.S. media have remarked that intercepting suspects' telephones to obtain information is nothing new, but collecting such vast amount of intelligence overseas is astonishing. |
| 据《华盛顿邮报》报道，美国国家安全局曾秘密侵入雅虎、谷歌在各国数据中心之间的主要通信网络，窃取了数以亿计的用户信息，并且保留了大量数据。通过分析这些数据，美国国家安全局可以获悉这些通讯纪录的发出者、接受者以及双方通讯的时间、地点等信息。 | The Washington Post reported that the NSA secretly broke into the main communication links that connect Yahoo and Google's respective data centers around the world. By tapping these links, the agency positioned itself to collect data at will from hundreds of millions of user accounts. By analyzing the data, the NSA can discover who sent or received emails, when and where, as well as email contents, including audio and video as well as text. |
| 巴西网站Fantastico报道称，美国国家安全局采用MITM攻击方式，通过虚假的安全认证伪装成合法网站，以绕过浏览器的安全防护并截取用户数据。美国国家安全局曾通过这一方式伪装成谷歌网站成功获取用户数据。 | According to the Brazilian website Fantastico, the NSA has carried out so-called Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks using fake security certificates to pose as a legitimate web service, bypass browser security settings, and intercept data that unsuspecting persons are attempting to send to that service. Google is among the services the NSA has impersonated. |
| 英国《卫报》披露美国国家安全局与以色列共享原始监听数据，且可能包括美国公民的邮件和其他数据，而此前美国总统奥巴马坚称不会把监听目标锁定在美国公民身上。 | The Guardian has revealed that the NSA routinely shares raw intelligence data with Israel without first sifting it to remove information about U.S. citizens. This is despite of earlier promises by the Obama administration to rigorously protect the privacy of innocent U.S. citizens caught in the dragnet. |
| 2013年12月31日，德国《明镜》周刊消息称，美国国家安全局非法获取欧洲和亚洲之间最大的海底通讯电缆网络——SEA－ME－WE－4的数据，取得大量敏感资料，并计划继续监听其他海底通讯电缆。 | On Dec. 31, 2013, the German news magazine Der Spiegel quoted NSA papers describing how the agency collected sensitive data from Sea-Me-We 4, the key undersea telecommunication cable system linking Europe and Asia, as well as its plans to continue eavesdropping on other undersea cables. |
| 法国《世界报》报道称，美国国家安全局曾在2012年12月10日至2013年1月8日期间，监听法国民众7030万通电话交谈。 | The French daily Le Monde reported that the U.S. spy agency tapped more than 70.3 million phone calls made in France between December 10, 2012, and January 8, 2013. |
| 苹果和安卓手机操作系统在美国国家安全局内部被称作“数据资源的金矿”，美英情报部门2007年就已合作监控手机应用程序，美国国家安全局一度将这方面的预算从2.04亿美元追加到7.67亿美元。 | In an internal NSA document, smart phone operating systems such as iOS and Android are described as the "gold nugget of data resources." The NSA and the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) have been collaborating on mobile phone surveillance since 2007, when the budget of the NSA was increased from 204 million U.S. dollars to 767 million U.S. dollars, allowing the agency to dig even deeper. |
| 据英国《卫报》、美国《纽约时报》报道，美国国家安全局多年来一直从移动设备应用程序(App)中抓取个人数据，包括个人用户的位置数据(基于GPS)、种族、年龄和其他个人资料。这些应用程序包括手机游戏“愤怒的小鸟”、应用程序“谷歌地图”以及“脸谱”、推特和网络相册Flickr的手机客户端。 | The Guardian and the New York Times have reported that the NSA targets smartphone apps to fish for users' personal data such as age, nationality and location (based on GPS). The apps under surveillance include the popular game Angry Birds, Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter and the photo-sharing site Flickr. |
| 美国国家安全局至少于2008年起，向全球近10万台计算机植入专门软件，旨在时刻监控或攻击目标计算机，即使计算机没有连接上网，美国国家安全局仍可通过无线电波入侵。 | The NSA has planted backdoor software in around 100,000 computers worldwide since 2008, giving it the capability to monitor them around the clock, as well as launch attacks. The agency can access and control these computers using radio waves even if they are not connected to a network. |
| 自2010年起，美国国家安全局用收集到的资料，分析部分美国公民的“社交连结，辨识他们来往对象、某个特定时间的所在地点、与谁出游等私人信息”。 | Since 2010, the NSA has been snooping on U.S. citizens to "analyze their social connectivity, to identify private information such as the users' associates, their location at a certain point of time, and their travelling companions." |
| 美国国家安全局所有的监控行为都是暗中操作，而政府也是秘密决定放开对监控的限制，并未通过国家情报法院的审定或者公开的讨论。根据2006年美国司法部的备忘录，该部曾对滥用情报监控进行过警告。 | All of the NSA's surveillance activities have been conducted in secrecy, following a secret U.S. government decision to loosen restrictions on surveillance and bypass deliberation or discussion by the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. A memorandum filed by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in 2006 warned about the possible abuse of surveillance. |
| 通过一项名为“共同旅行分析”的项目，美国国家安全局在收集“目标人物”相关信息纪录基础上，通过已知“目标人物”的活动发现其未知社会联系，并在一小时内在海量信息中得出“目标人物”活动时间、地点等完整情报。与“目标人物”有过联系的人将可能成为美国国家安全局新的“目标人物”。 | The NSA applies sophisticated analytical techniques to identify what it calls "co-travelers," i.e. unknown associates of known targets. This project allows the NSA to explore the social links of known targets. The location and time of their activities can be extracted in under an hour from a vast database of information. Associates of known targets become the NSA's new targets. |
| 美国官员辩称，这一大规模监听活动是合法的，不针对美国国内民众，但事实上，被窃听者包括许多到国外旅行的美国人。美国媒体报道说，美国国家安全局于2010年和2011年进行了一项有关大规模收集美国国内移动电话位置的试验项目。 | U.S. government officials have argued that these massive surveillance operations are legal and do not target U.S. citizens, but U.S. citizens travelling abroad are nevertheless subject to eavesdropping. U.S. media have also reported that the NSA carried out a pilot project to collect huge amounts of mobile phone location data within the United States during 2010 and 2011. |
| 2013年4月，联合国人权理事会言论自由问题特别报告员拉卢在向联合国人权理事会提交的报告中指出，美国修订“外国情报监控修正案法”，扩大美国政府对境外非美籍人士进行监控的权力，监控内容包括任何利用美国的云服务主机进行的通信。 | In April 2013, Frank La Rue, UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, said in his report to the Human Rights Council that the United States, by renewing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, had empowered the U.S. government to "conduct surveillance of non-American persons located outside the United States including any foreign individual whose communications are hosted by cloud services located in the United States." |
| 曝光文件显示德国、韩国、日本等多国被大规模监听，美欧国家的情报机构正在联手对互联网和电话通信展开大规模监控，严重威胁世界各国网络安全。 | Leaked documents show that many countries, including Germany, South Korea and Japan have been targeted by the NSA's eavesdropping, and that the intelligence agencies of the United States and some European countries have joined hands to launch massive network monitoring and phone-tapping operations that severely undermine the network security of all countries. |
| 挪威媒体报道说，挪威也是美国“监控门”的受害者，美国国家安全局曾在2012年12月10日至2013年1月8日间监听了3300多万次在挪威本土登记注册的移动电话通话。 | Norwegian media have reported that Norway is also a target of U.S. surveillance. The NSA collected data from more than 33 million mobile phone calls made in Norway between December 10, 2012, and January 8, 2013. |
| 根据意大利《快讯》周刊的报道，英国和美国情报机构大规模窃听意大利的电话和拦截网络数据。 | The Italian weekly L'Espresso has reported that British and U.S. intelligence agencies have been massively bugging Italian telephone communications and network data. |
| 3. 监控外国企业 | 3. Monitoring international companies |
| 美国政府攻击的商业网络不仅包括互联网，还涉及金融、交通、电力、教育等诸多关系国计民生的关键行业。 | The U.S. government does not just target the Internet, but also key industries such as finance, transport, electricity and education. |
| 斯诺登披露的文件显示，美国国家安全局开展的大规模监听行动不仅包括世界各国领导人，还包括众多国际组织和商业领袖。 | Documents leaked by Snowden show that the NSA's eavesdropping not only target overseas government leaders but also international organizations and business leaders. |
| 据德国《明镜》周刊报道，美国国家安全局的监视项目包括国际间的金融交易，尤其是信用卡交易。全球知名的信用卡品牌维萨公司和总部设在布鲁塞尔的环球银行金融电信协会均在其监视范围之内。 | The German weekly Der Spiegel reported that financial transactions, especially credit card deals, were among the targets of NSA surveillance programs. Visa and the international payments system SWIFT were both monitored. |
| 一项名为“追踪金钱”的监视项目专门关注国际上银行金融交易往来。按照美国国家安全局的事先设想，通过追踪所谓的金融往来线索，可以追查到更多的恐怖分子。其为此专门建立一个名为Tracfin的金融数据库，用以存储从各个金融机构得到的信息。2011年，这一数据库的信息量达到1.8亿条，其中84%的数据是信用卡信息，涉及用户主要分布在欧洲、中东和非洲。 | A surveillance branch known as "Follow the Money," focused on international financial transactions. The NSA claimed that by tracing international financial transfers it could expose terrorist networks. The agency set up a financial database called Tracfin to store information gathered from financial institutions. In 2011, the data bank had 180 million entries, 84 percent of which related to credit cards and their users, who were mainly located in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. |
| 此外，该数据库中还有部分信息来自欧洲的环球银行金融电信协会。美国“9·11”恐怖袭击之后，环球银行金融电信协会开始秘密向美国提供金融交易数据。2006年这一事件被媒体曝光后，欧盟要求与美国展开谈判，以保证欧洲银行数据的安全和公民隐私权。在多轮谈判后，欧盟和美国于2010年达成一项协议，允许美国通过环球银行金融电信协会系统获取欧洲银行的交易信息，用于打击恐怖主义，但美国在使用和存储这些金融信息方面必须遵守欧盟数据保护法律之下的严格规定。然而，根据斯诺登的最新爆料，美国从来没有停止过监视环球银行金融电信协会的金融交易往来信息。这意味着，在此期间美欧之间所有的谈判都只是表面功夫，没有实际作用。 | Some information in the database came from SWIFT, which began secretly feeding the United States with details of financial transfers after the 9/11 attacks. When this partnership was exposed in 2006, the European Union asked the United States to ensure the security of bank data and respect the privacy of European citizens. After several rounds of talks, the European Union and the United States reached a deal in 2010 that allowed the latter to monitor European bank transfers to combat terrorism, with the precondition that the use and storage of this financial information was consistent with European data protection laws. But Snowden's latest revelations show that the United States never stopped monitoring SWIFT transfers, meaning that the entire negotiation process between the United States and the European Union was just for show. |
| 2013年12月29日，德国《明镜》周刊称，美国国家安全局多年前就已攻破了主要公司开发的几乎所有安全架构，其中包括来自思科、华为、瞻博和戴尔的产品。 | On December 29, 2013, Der Spiegel claimed the NSA had broken almost all the security architectures designed by major companies, including those of Cisco, Huawei, Juniper and Dell. |
| 据媒体报道，美国还侵入了巴西国家石油公司的电脑网络。 | Other media reports have revealed that the United States hacked the computer network of Brazilian oil company, Petrobras. |
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