弥尔顿受到后世的推崇,不仅是因为他的诗文,更重要的是因为他为人民的自由斗争和献身的精神。他用雄辩的文字,代表英国民众发出呐喊: “Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.” (在所有的自由之上,给我知情的自由、表达的自由和凭借自己的良心去辩论的自由!) 比弥尔顿晚生了一个半世纪的英国诗人华兹华斯一生都将弥尔顿当作自己的导师和学习的榜样。他的一首题为London (1802)的十四行诗是这样评价弥尔顿的:
Milton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour:
England hath the need of thee: she is a fen
Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,
Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,
Have forfeited their ancient English dower
Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;
Oh! Raise us up, return to us again;
And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.
Thy sole was like a Star, and dwelt apart;
Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea:
Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,
So didst thou travel on life's common way,
In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart
The lowliest duties on herself did lay.
在这首十四行诗作中,华兹华斯诗把法国大革命时代的英国比作一潭死水。他认为英国人精神空虚,自私麻木。他怀念弥尔顿的革命时代,希望弥尔顿能够再回到英国人当中,唤醒英国民众,使英国人能像法国人那样进行轰轰烈烈的斗争。他赞美弥尔顿的灵魂像远在天边的明星;弥尔顿的声音像海洋一样壮阔;弥尔顿的人格像万里无云的天空,庄严而自在。弥尔顿有纯洁高尚的志向,却能为了大众去做最卑微的工作。
那么,弥尔顿又是怎样看待自己的一生的呢?在一首给朋友的十四行诗中,他写道:
Cryiack, this three years' day these eyes, though clear
To outward view, of blemish or of spot,
Bereft of light their seeing have forgot;
Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear
Of sun or moon or star throughout the year,
Or man or woman. Yet I argue not
Against Heaven's hand or will, nor bate a jot
Of heart or hope, but still bear up and steer
Right onward. What supports me dost thou ask?
The conscience, friend, to have lost them overplied
In Liberty's defence, my noble task,
Of which all Europe talks from side to side.
This thought might lead me through the world's vain mask
Content though blind, had I no better guide.
科里亚克,三年来我的这双眼睛,
在外人看起来并无瑕疵;
但,它却被剥夺了光明。
这无用的双眸,再也看不见
那变幻的日月星辰,
和这世上的男人女人。然而,
对上天的安排,我并不抱怨,
不失望,不气馁,继续前行。
你问,是什么力量在支撑我?
是信念啊,朋友!
捍卫自由的崇高使命激荡在整个欧洲,
它让我用眼过度,最终失去了光明。
——信念能指引我走过人生舞场,
纵然失明残废,又有何妨!
弥尔顿这首十四行诗运用了最平易的语言,读起来亲切自然,仿佛是两个老友之间的促膝交谈。诗中运用了大量朴实的字眼:eye, sun,moon,star,man,woman,day,light,hand,will,heart,hope,bear,ask,lose,talk,lead,clear,blind,但抒发的情感却热烈而崇高,这种炼字功夫和表现力恐怕也是后世诗人和学者推崇弥尔顿的原因之一。
1674年11月8日,这位诗坛泰斗在睡眠中与世长辞。
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