《中国的能源政策（2012）》白皮书
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012

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一、能源发展现状	I. Current Energy Development
改革开放以来，中国能源工业快速增长，实现了煤炭、电力、石油天然气、可再生能源和新能源的全面发展，为保障国民经济长期平稳较快发展和人民生活水平持续提高作出重要贡献。	Since the reform and opening-up policy was introduced, China's energy industry has witnessed rapid growth, achieving comprehensive development of coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources, making important contributions to the long-term, steady and rapid growth of the national economy and the sustained improvement of living standards.
——供应保障能力显著增强。2011年，中国一次能源生产总量达到31.8亿吨标准煤，居世界第一。其中，原煤产量35.2亿吨，原油产量稳定在2亿吨，成品油产量2.7亿吨。天然气产量快速增长，达到1031亿立方米。电力装机容量10.6亿千瓦，年发电量4.7万亿千瓦时。能源综合运输体系发展较快。石油管线长度超过7万公里，天然气主干管线长度达到4万公里。电网基本实现全国互联，330千伏及以上输电线路长度17.9万公里。国家石油储备一期项目建成，能源应急保障能力不断增强。	-- Remarkable enhancement of energy supply capability and security. In 2011, the output of primary energy equaled 3.18 billion tons of standard coal, ranking first in the world. Of this, raw coal reached 3.52 billion tons; crude oil, 200 million tons; and refined oil products, 270 million tons. The output of natural gas ballooned to 103.1 billion cu m. The installed electricity generating capacity reached 1.06 billion kw, and the annual output of electricity was 4.7 trillion kwh. A comprehensive energy transportation system has developed rapidly. The length of oil pipelines totaled more than 70,000 km, and the natural gas trunk lines exceeded 40,000 km. Electric power grids were linked up throughout the country, and electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more totaled 179,000 km. The first phase of the national petroleum reserve project was completed, and the country's emergency energy-supply capability keeps improving.
——能源节约效果明显。中国大力推进能源节约。1981—2011年，中国能源消费以年均5.82%的增长，支撑了国民经济年均10％的增长。2006—2011年，万元国内生产总值能耗累计下降20.7%，实现节能7.1亿吨标准煤。实施锅炉改造、电机节能、建筑节能、绿色照明等一系列节能改造工程，主要高耗能产品的综合能耗与国际先进水平差距不断缩小，新建的有色、建材、石化等重化工业项目能源利用效率基本达到世界先进水平。淘汰落后小火电机组8000万千瓦，每年可由此节约原煤6000多万吨。2011年，全国火电供电煤耗较2006年降低37克标准煤/千瓦时，降幅达10%。	-- Conspicuous achievements in energy conservation. China vigorously promotes energy conservation. During the 1981-2011 period, China's energy consumption increased by 5.82 percent annually, underpinning the 10 percent annual growth of the national economy. From 2006 to 2011, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped by 20.7 percent, saving energy equivalent to 710 million tons of standard coal. The state implemented a series of energy-saving renovations, such as of boilers, electrical machinery, buildings and installation of green lighting products. The gap between the overall energy consumption of China's high energy-consuming products and the advanced international level is narrowing. The energy utilization efficiency of new projects in the heavy and chemical industries, such as non-ferrous metals, building materials and petrochemicals, is up to the world's advanced level. The country has eliminated small thermal power units with a total generating capacity of 80 million kw, saving more than 60 million tons of raw coal annually. In 2011, coal consumption of thermal power supply per kwh was 37 grams of standard coal lower than in 2006, a decrease of 10 percent.
——非化石能源快速发展。中国积极发展新能源和可再生能源。2011年，全国水电装机容量达到2.3亿千瓦，居世界第一。已投运核电机组15台、装机容量1254万千瓦，在建机组26台、装机容量2924万千瓦，在建规模居世界首位。风电并网装机容量达到4700万千瓦，居世界第一。光伏发电增长强劲，装机容量达到300万千瓦。太阳能热水器集热面积超过2亿平方米。积极开展沼气、地热能、潮汐能等其他可再生能源推广应用。非化石能源占一次能源消费的比重达到8%，每年减排二氧化碳6亿吨以上。	-- Rapid development in non-fossil energy. China has made energetic efforts in developing new and renewable energy resources. In 2011, the installed generating capacity of hydropower reached 230 million kw, ranking first in the world. Fifteen nuclear power generating units were put into operation, with a total installed capacity of 12.54 million kw. Another 26 units, still under construction, were designed with a total installed capacity of 29.24 million kw, leading the world. The installed generating capacity of wind power connected with the country's power grids reached 47 million kw, ranking top in the world. Photovoltaic power generation also reported speedy growth, with a total installed capacity of 3 million kw. Solar water heating covered a total area of 200 million sq m. The state also expedites the use of biogas, geothermal energy, tidal energy and other renewable energy resources. Non-fossil energy accounted for 8 percent of the total primary energy consumption, which means an annual reduction of more than 600 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.
——科技水平迅速提高。建成了比较完善的石油天然气勘探开发技术体系，复杂区块勘探开发、提高油气田采收率等技术在国际上处于领先地位。3000米深水钻井平台建造成功。千万吨炼油和百万吨乙烯装置实现自主设计和制造。具有世界先进水平和自主知识产权的煤炭直接液化和煤制烯烃技术取得突破。全国采煤机械化程度达到60%以上，井下600万吨综采成套装备全面推广。百万千瓦超超临界、大型空冷等大容量高参数机组得到广泛应用，70万千瓦水轮机组设计制造技术达到世界先进水平。基本具备百万千瓦级压水堆核电站自主设计、建造和运营能力，高温气冷堆、快堆技术研发取得重大突破。3兆瓦风电机组批量应用，6兆瓦风电机组成功下线。形成了比较完备的太阳能光伏发电制造产业链，光伏电池年产量占全球产量的40%以上。特高压交直流输电技术和装备制造水平处于世界领先地位。	-- Quick advance in science and technology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape in the petroleum and natural gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Oil drilling rigs that are capable of operating at a maximum water depth of 3,000 m have been built. China is now able to independently design and build oil refinery equipment, each set of which boasts an annual output of 10 million tons, and ethylene production plants, each of which has an annual output of one million tons. The country's direct coal liquefaction and coal-to-olefins technologies, for which it owns independent intellectual property rights, have reached the world's advanced level and achieved new breakthroughs in technology. In addition, 60 percent of the country's coal mines have been mechanized, and mechanized underground mining equipment with an annual output of six million tons is installed nationwide. Electric power generating units featuring a large capacity and high parameters, including ultra-supercritical and air-cooled generators each with an installed capacity of one million kw, have been installed widely. The designing and manufacturing of 700,000-kw hydraulic turbine generators have reached the world's advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build one-million-kw pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the R&D of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast reactors. Also, 3,000-kw wind power generators have been mass-produced and 6,000 kw wind power generators have come off the production line. The solar photovoltaic industry has formed a sound manufacturing chain, with an annual output of solar panels accounting for more than 40 percent of the world's total. China leads the world in extra-high-voltage DC/AC power transmission technology and manufacturing.
——用能条件大为改善。积极推进民生能源工程建设，提高能源普遍服务水平。与2006年相比，2011年中国人均一次能源消费量达到2.6吨标准煤，提高了31%；人均天然气消费量89.6立方米，提高了110%；人均用电量3493千瓦时，提高了60%。建成西气东输一线、二线工程，全国使用天然气人口超过1.8亿。实施农村电网改造升级工程，累计投入5500多亿元人民币，使农村用电状况发生了根本性变化。青藏联网工程建设成功，结束了西藏电网孤网运行的历史。推进无电地区电力建设，解决了3000多万无电人口的用电问题。在北方高寒地区建设了7000万千瓦热电联产项目，解决了4000多万城市人口的供暖问题。	-- Marked improvement in civil energy use conditions. The state actively promotes civil energy projects and works to enhance the overall level of energy service. Compared with 2006, the per-capita primary energy consumption in 2011 equaled 2.6 tons of standard coal, a 31 percent increase; the per-capita natural gas consumption reached 89.6 cu m, an increase of 110 percent; and the per-capita electricity consumption was 3,493 kw, a 60 percent increase. The first and second west-east gas pipelines have been completed, and more than 180 million people across the country have access to natural gas. The government has invested more than 550 billion yuan in power grid upgrading projects for rural areas, fundamentally improving access to electricity for rural residents. The Qinghai-Tibet electricity network project has been completed, connecting the power grid of the Tibetan plateau with those of the other parts of China. The state is accelerating the construction of electric power facilities in areas that as yet do not have electricity, and has so far ensured that more than 30 million people have access to electricity. Combined heat and power projects with a total installed capacity of 70 million kw have been built in high-altitude and frigid areas in northern China that provide more than 40 million urban residents access to heating.
——环境保护成效突出。中国加快采煤沉陷区治理，建立并完善煤炭开发和生态环境恢复补偿机制。2011年，原煤入选率达到52%，土地复垦率40%。加快建设燃煤电厂脱硫、脱硝设施，烟气脱硫机组占全国燃煤机组的比重达到90%左右。燃煤机组除尘设施安装率和废水排放达标率达到100%。加大煤层气（煤矿瓦斯）开发利用力度，抽采量达到114亿立方米，在全球率先实施了煤层气国家排放标准。五年来，单位国内生产总值能耗下降减排二氧化碳14.6亿吨。	-- Remarkable progress in environmental protection. The country is quickening the pace of control of coal mining subsidence areas, and establishes and improves the compensation mechanism for the exploitation of coal resources and restoration of the eco-environment. In 2011, the coal washing rate reached 52 percent and the land reclamation rate, 40 percent. Existing power plants have speeded up their desulfurization and denitration upgrading, and coal-fueled generating units with flue gas desulphurization facilities accounted for 90 percent of the national total. Coal-fueled generating units reported a 100-percent installation of dust-cleaning facilities and a 100-percent discharge of waste water up to the relevant standards. The state is intensifying efforts for the development and utilization of coal bed methane (CBM), extracting 11.4 billion sq m of CBM in 2011. China became the first country to adopt a national standard for CBM emissions. Its energy consumption per unit of GDP has dropped over the past five years, eliminating 1.46 billion tons of CO2 discharge.