《中国的能源政策（2012）》白皮书
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012

: 0 Comment(s)打印 E-mail China.org.cn　 2012-10-25

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——体制机制不断完善。市场机制在资源配置中发挥出越来越大的作用。能源领域投资主体实现多元化，民间投资不断发展壮大。煤炭生产和流通基本实现市场化。电力工业实现政企分开、厂网分离，监管体系初步建立。能源价格改革不断深化，价格形成机制逐步完善。开展了煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点。制定了风电与光伏发电标杆上网电价制度，建立了可再生能源发展基金等制度。加强能源法制建设，近年来新修订出台了《节约能源法》、《可再生能源法》、《循环经济促进法》、《石油天然气管道保护法》以及《民用建筑节能条例》、《公共机构节能条例》等法律法规。	-- Energy systems and mechanisms gradually improving. The market mechanism is playing an increasingly important role in resource allocation. Investors in the energy field are diversified, and private investment in it keeps growing. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the electric power industry, government administrative functions and enterprise management have been separated, as has power production from power transmission, and a supervisory system has taken shape. Energy pricing reform has been deepening, and the pricing mechanism is gradually improving. Relevant policies and measures for the sustainable development of the coal industry have been tried out. The state has also established a feed-in tariff (FIT) system for wind and photovoltaic power generation, and a renewable energy development fund. The legal system of energy-related laws has been strengthened, and a number of laws and regulations have been amended and published in the past few years, including the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Law on the Protection of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines, Regulations on Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings, and Regulations on Energy Conservation by Public Institutions.
作为世界第一大能源生产国，中国主要依靠自身力量发展能源，能源自给率始终保持在90%左右。中国能源的发展，不仅保障了国内经济社会发展，也对维护世界能源安全作出了重大贡献。今后一段时期，中国仍将处于工业化、城镇化加快发展阶段，能源需求会继续增长，能源供应保障任务更加艰巨。	As the world's largest energy producer, China mainly relies on its own strength to develop energy, and its rate of self-sufficiency has reached around 90 percent. China's energy development not only guarantees domestic economic and social development, but also makes significant contributions to global energy security. For some time to come, China's industrialization and urbanization will continue to accelerate, and the demand for energy will go on increasing, and so its energy supply will confront increasingly tougher challenges.
——资源约束矛盾突出。中国人均能源资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平，煤炭、石油和天然气的人均占有量仅为世界平均水平的67%、5.4%和7.5%。虽然近年来中国能源消费增长较快，但目前人均能源消费水平还比较低，仅为发达国家平均水平的三分之一。随着经济社会发展和人民生活水平的提高，未来能源消费还将大幅增长，资源约束不断加剧。	-- Prominent resources restraint. China's per-capita average of energy resources is low by world standards. China's per-capita shares of coal, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent, 5.4 percent, and 7.5 percent of the world's averages, respectively. Although China has experienced rapid growth in energy consumption over the past few years, its per-capita energy consumption is still low - only one third of the average of developed countries. But as the economy and society progress and living standards improve, China's energy consumption will continue to rise sharply, and there will be a growing restraint on resources.
——能源效率有待提高。中国产业结构不合理，经济发展方式有待改进。中国单位国内生产总值能耗不仅远高于发达国家，也高于一些新兴工业化国家。能源密集型产业技术落后，第二产业特别是高耗能工业能源消耗比重过高，钢铁、有色、化工、建材四大高耗能行业用能占到全社会用能的40%左右。能源效率相对较低，单位增加值能耗较高。	-- Low energy efficiency. China's industrial structure is yet to be rationalized and the economic growth pattern to be improved. Energy consumption per unit of GDP is much higher than those of developed countries and some newly industrialized countries. Energy-intensive industries are backward in technology. The percentage of energy consumption by the secondary industries, especially the energy-intensive industrial sectors, is too high in the country's total. The energy consumption of four major energy-intensive industries - steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, and building materials - accounts for 40 percent of the national total. Low energy efficiency results in high energy consumption for every unit of GDP.
——环境压力不断增大。化石能源特别是煤炭的大规模开发利用，对生态环境造成严重影响。大量耕地被占用和破坏，水资源污染严重，二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和有害重金属排放量大，臭氧及细颗粒物(PM2.5)等污染加剧。未来相当长时期内，化石能源在中国能源结构中仍占主体地位，保护生态环境、应对气候变化的压力日益增大，迫切需要能源绿色转型。	-- Increasing environmental pressure. Extensive development of fossil energy, particularly coal, has had a serious impact on the eco-environment. Large areas of arable land are taken up for other uses or even spoiled, water resources are seriously polluted, the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and toxic heavy metals remains high, and emissions of ozone and particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are increasing. For a long time to come, fossil energy will continue to dominate the energy consumption mix, posing a growing challenge for protecting the environment and countering climate change. A more environment-friendly energy mix is urgently needed.
——能源安全形势严峻。近年来能源对外依存度上升较快，特别是石油对外依存度从本世纪初的32％上升至目前的57％。石油海上运输安全风险加大，跨境油气管道安全运行问题不容忽视。国际能源市场价格波动增加了保障国内能源供应难度。能源储备规模较小，应急能力相对较弱，能源安全形势严峻。	-- Grave challenges to energy security. The country's dependence on foreign energy sources has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the percentage of imported petroleum in the total petroleum consumption has risen from 32 percent at the beginning of the 21st century to the present 57 percent. Marine transportation of petroleum and cross-border pipeline transmission of oil and gas face ever-greater security risks. Price fluctuations in the international energy market make it more difficult to guarantee domestic energy supply. It will not be easy for China to maintain its energy security since its energy reserves are small and its emergency response capability is weak.
——体制机制亟待改革。能源体制机制深层次矛盾不断积累，价格机制尚不完善，行业管理仍较薄弱，能源普遍服务水平亟待提高，体制机制约束已成为促进能源科学发展的严重障碍。	-- Reforms called for current systems and mechanisms. Energy-related systems and mechanisms still suffer from some long-term, deep-rooted problems. The energy pricing mechanism is yet to be perfected, and industrial management is still weak. The overall service level needs to be enhanced. Overall, restraints of the current systems and mechanisms have seriously hindered the rational development of the country's energy industry.
中国能源发展面临的这些问题，是由国际能源竞争格局、中国生产力水平以及所处发展阶段决定的，也与产业结构和能源结构不合理、能源开发利用方式粗放、相关体制机制改革滞后密切相关。中国将大力推动能源生产和利用方式变革，不断完善政策体系，努力实现能源与经济、社会、生态全面协调可持续发展。	The above problems challenging China's energy development are a result of the international energy competition, and China's levels of productivity and development, as well as the country's irrational industrial structure and energy mix, extensive development and utilization of energy resources, and sluggish reform of relevant systems and mechanisms. Therefore, China will vigorously promote the transformation of its energy production and utilization modes, continuously improve its energy policy, and strive to achieve a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of its energy, economy, society and eco-environment.