2012年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012

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美国居民悼念枪击事件死难者：2012年12月15日，在美国康涅狄格州纽敦市，两名女子在悼念该州桑迪胡克小学枪击案遇难者的活动上痛哭。[新华社]

一、关于生命与人身安全	I. On Life and Personal Security
2012年，美国暴力犯罪问题严重，使用枪支的犯罪案件频繁发生，公民的生命与人身安全没有得到应有保障。	The U.S. was haunted by serious violent crimes in 2012 with frequent occurrence of firearms-related criminal cases. Its people's lives and personal security were not duly protected.
美国联邦调查局2012年9月的统计显示，2011年，美国共发生暴力犯罪案件约1203564起，相当于每10万居民386.3起。在向执法部门报告的暴力犯罪案件中，严重暴力攻击案件比例高达62.4%，暴力抢劫案占29.4%，强奸案占6.9%，谋杀案占1.2%。使用枪支的犯罪在谋杀案中占67.7%，在抢劫案中占41.3%，在所有犯罪案件中占21.2%。	According to statistics released by the FBI in September 2012, an estimated 1,203,564 violent crimes occurred in the U.S. in 2011, about 386.3 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants. Aggravated assaults accounted for 62.4 percent of violent crimes reported to law enforcement. Robbery reached 29.4 percent of violent crimes, forcible rape accounted for 6.9 percent, and murder amounted to 1.2 percent of estimated violent crimes in 2011. And firearms were used in 67.7 percent of the nation' s murders, 41.3 percent of robberies, and 21.2 percent in all crimes in the U.S.
美国是世界上人均拥有枪支最多的国家。美国有线电视新闻网2012年7月23日报道称，美国公民手中约有2.7亿支枪，每年有10余万人遭遇枪击，2010年有3万多人死于枪伤。然而，美国在枪支管理方面少有作为。2008年和2010年，美国最高法院就两起持枪案作出裁决，裁定州和地方政府限制公民拥有枪支的法律违宪。大约有一半的州修法允许枪支拥有者在大多数公共场所公开携带枪支。许多州的法律允许公民在受到威胁的情况下开枪，即使在他们不用武力能够逃离威胁的情况下也可以开枪。据《印度教徒报》网站2012年8月7日的文章，若按人口计算，美国部分地区的民众比伊拉克或阿富汗等战乱地区的民众更有可能成为与枪支有关的凶杀案的受害者。2013年1月16日，美国总统公布了23条可以立即采取的与控枪相关的举措并签署了其中的三条，但舆论普遍认为，控枪举措将遭遇极大阻力。	Americans are the most heavily armed people in the world per capita. According to a CNN report on July 23, 2012, there were an estimated 270 million guns in the hands of civilians in the U.S. and more than 100,000 people were shot by guns each year. In 2010, there were more than 30,000 deaths caused by firearms. However, the U.S. government has done little in gun control. In 2008 and 2010 landmark Supreme Court rulings on two firearms-related cases dramatically diminished the authority of state and local governments to limit gun ownership. Roughly half of the 50 U.S. states have adopted laws allowing gun owners to carry their guns openly in most public places. And many states have 'stand your ground' laws that allow people to kill if they come under threat, even, in some cases, if they can escape the threat without violence. According to an article on the website of the Hindu on August 7, 2012, in population-adjusted terms, civilians in some parts of the U.S. are more likely to become the victim of a firearms-related murder than their counterparts in war-torn regions like Iraq or Afghanistan. On January 16, 2013, the U.S. president announced 23 steps on gun control to take immediately without congressional approval. And the president signed three of the measures. But the public opinion generally believes that the gun-control measures will encounter great resistance.
《今日美国报》网站2012年10月17日报道称，2011年，美国的暴力犯罪增长17%。枪击暴力犯罪是对美国公民生命和人身安全最严重的威胁之一。据统计，2011年美国发生的谋杀案中有14612名受害者，其中9903人与枪击有关。（见注1）2012年，美国发生了更多的枪击暴力犯罪案件。据纽约市警察局2012年9月2日的统计数据显示，纽约市已经发生1001起枪击案，比2011年同期上升了3.4%。（见注2）据芝加哥警察局网站的统计，2012年，芝加哥共发生2460起枪击案件，同比增长10%。有的枪击案十分血腥和恐怖，如科罗拉多州影院枪击案和康涅狄格州校园枪击案。	According to a report on the USA Today's website on October 17, 2012, the violent crime rate went up 17 percent in 2011. Firearms-related violent crimes posed as one of the most serious threats to the lives and personal security of the U.S. citizens. Statistics showed that an estimated 14,612 people fell victims of murder in 2011 and 9,903 of them were firearms-related murder victims (Website of the Congressional Research service, www.fas.org, November 14, 2012). The U.S. witnessed more firearms-related violent crimes in 2012. According to NYPD statistics published on September 2, 2012, there had been 1,001 shootings so far that year in New York, about 3.4 percent more than the 968 reported at the same time the previous year (NY Daily News, September 9, 2012). According to statistics from the website of Chicago Police Department, there were 2,460 shooting incidents in Chicago in 2012, up 10 percent year on year. Some of the shootings were quite bloody and terrifying, such as the movie theater shooting in Colorado and the school shooting in Connecticut.
2012年7月20日，24岁的詹姆斯·霍姆斯手持一支AR-15步枪、一支猎枪和至少1把手枪进入科罗拉多州奥罗拉市一家电影院，对正在观看电影的观众进行扫射，导致12人身亡，59人受伤。有目击者回忆说：“他简直就像在狩猎季中打猎一样射杀众人。”美国有线电视新闻网7月21日报道称，执法部门资料显示，这些武器都是詹姆斯·霍姆斯此前6个月内在丹佛地区的体育用品商店内合法购买的。据美国有线电视新闻网2012年7月23日报道，纽约市长迈克尔·布隆伯格在科罗拉多州枪击案发生后说：“我认为世界上没有哪个发达国家还存在像我们这样严重的问题。”	On July 20, 2012, James E. Holmes, 24, entered a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, carrying an AR-15 rifle, a 12-gauge shotgun and at least one handgun. He sprayed people at the theater who were watching a movie, leaving at least 12 dead and 59 wounded. A witness said: "He was just literally shooting everyone, like hunting season." According to a CNN report on July 21, law enforcement documents showed that the weapons were purchased legally by Holmes at sporting goods stores in the Denver area over a six-month period before the shooting happened. According to a CNN report on July 23, in wake of the shooting rampage in Colorado, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "I don't think there's any other developed country in the world that has remotely the problem we have."
2012年12月14日，20岁的亚当·兰扎手持一支步枪和两支手枪闯入康涅狄格州纽敦市桑迪胡克小学，枪杀20名儿童和6名教职工，凶手也自杀身亡，之前他还枪杀了自己的母亲。这是造成2007年32人丧生的弗吉尼亚理工大学的校园枪杀案之后又一严重的校园枪击案。注1：美国科学家联合会网站（www.fas.org），2012年11月14日。注2：《纽约每日新闻报》，2012年9月9日。	On December 14, 2012, 20-year-old Adam Lanza fatally shot 20 children and six adult staff members at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. He committed suicide after that. But before he came to the school, he had shot and killed his mother. The incident was the second deadliest school shooting in the U.S. history, after the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre which left 32 killed.
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