2012年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 四、关于种族歧视 | IV. On Racial Discrimination |
| 美国长期存在的种族歧视未见改善，少数族裔的政治、经济和社会权利未能得到平等保障。 | The long-existing racial discrimination prevalent in the U.S. society sees no improvements, and ethnic minorities do not enjoy equal political, economic and social rights. |
| 少数族裔的选举权受到限制。在2012年11月举行的美国总统大选中，部分亚裔选民在投票站遭遇投票障碍，并受到歧视。（见注19）联合国人权理事会特别报告员联名指控美国未能确保非洲裔和拉丁裔美国人充分行使投票权。《波士顿评论》2013年1月－2月号刊报道称，截至2010年，美国有超过585万公民由于刑事犯罪被剥夺选举权，目前由于刑事犯罪而被剥夺选举权的非洲裔美国人超过200万。美国司法部长也承认，由于少数族裔选举权受到身份证法的限制，使部分人在事实上被剥夺了该项权利。（见注20） | Ethnic Americans' rights to vote are limited. During the presidential election in November 2012, some Asian-American voters were obstructed at voting stations and received with discriminations (The China Press, November 8, 2012). The United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur used to lodge a joint accusation against the U.S. of failing to fully guarantee the rights to vote of African-Americans and Hispanics. The January/February 2013 edition of the Boston Review reported that as of 2010, more than 5.85 million American citizens were disenfranchised because of criminal convictions, and more than two million African-Americans currently are stripped of their right to vote. The U.S. attorney general also acknowledged, as the rights to vote of some ethnic Americans were restricted by laws requiring proof of identity, some people are as a matter of fact stripped of such rights (The Guardian, May. 30, 2012). |
| 少数族裔在就业方面受到歧视，经济状况恶化。美国劳工部统计数据显示，2012年10月，白人失业率为7.0%，非洲裔失业率为14.3%，拉丁裔的失业率则为10.0%。（见注21） 美国均等就业机会委员会认定某企业在人员雇佣上存在明显的种族歧视。（见注22）亚裔和非洲裔重新就业所耗时间明显长于白人，亚裔平均为27.7周，非洲裔为27周，而白人为19.7周。（见注23）美国劳工部数据显示，2012年，纽约市约有50%的黑人处于失业状态，这些人失业后平均需要花上一年时间才能找到新工作。（见注24） 就业歧视是导致收入差距和贫困的重要原因之一。美国人口统计局2012年9月12日的数据显示，2011年非洲裔美国人家庭收入中位数为32229美元，不到非西班牙裔白人收入的60%；非洲裔美国人贫困率为27.6%，约为非西班牙裔白人贫困率的3倍。 | Ethnic Americans are discriminated against in the job market, and their economic well-being worsens as a result. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rate of whites was registered 7.0 percent in Oct. 2012, 14.3 percent for African-Americans and 10.0 percent for Hispanics. The average period of unemployment for ethnic minorities is notably longer than that for whites. Asians are unemployed on average for 27.7 weeks, African-Americans for 27 weeks (Desert News, December 4, 2012). According to data from the federal Labor Department, over half of all African-Americans and non-Hispanic blacks in New York city, who were old enough to work, had no jobs in 2012, and it takes them almost a full year on average to find another job (Madame Noire, June 21, 2012). Employment discrimination is the main reason behind income disparity and poverty. According to statistics released by the U.S. Census Bureau on September 12, 2012, the median household income for African-Americans was 32,229 U.S. dollars in 2011, less than 60 percent of that of non-Hispanic whites; and the poverty rate for African-Americans stood at 27.6 percent, almost three times of that of non-Hispanic whites. |
| 执法和司法领域种族歧视严重。路透社网站2012年7月3日报道称，跟其他族裔相比，警察更袒护白人。纽约市在2011年68.5万次警察街头拦截检查中，超过85%针对黑人和拉丁裔人群。少数族裔被执法部门侵害的事件时有发生。阿肯色州一名21岁黑人青年被警察搜身后带入巡逻车，其后他被发现在双手被铐住的情况下头部中枪死亡。（见注25）28岁的黑人穆罕默德·巴哈被纽约警方射杀引发非洲裔社团的愤怒。（见注26）“得州民权项目”网站2012年7月24日的文章称，由于奥斯汀警方滥用武力，自2011年以来发生了两起警方枪杀少数族裔嫌疑人事件。当地人权机构负责人指出，警方对受害人死因调查的细致深入程度甚至比不上对当地一条狗的死因调查。2013年1月14日，美国《纽约时报》专栏作家查尔斯·M·布洛在一篇文章中指出，美国“实现种族和谐的愿望正在破产。对黑皮肤的根本性歧视——这一奴隶制度的支柱却依然顽固存在。”（见注27） | Racial discrimination is rampant in the field of law enforcement and justice. The Reuters website reported on July 3, 2012, police tend to be more lenient to whites. Out of more than 685,000 police stops in New York City in 2011, more than 85 percent of the stopped were black or Hispanic. Ethnic Americans are often offended by law enforcement authorities. A 21-year-old black man in Arkansas was searched and put into a police car, and later was found shot in the head while handcuffed (www. telegraph.co.uk, August 8, 2012). The incidence where a 28-year-old black man, Mohamed Bah, was shot dead by New York police outraged the black community (NYDailyNews.com, September 26, 2012). An article on the website of Texas Civil Rights Project on July 24, 2012 said the Austin police' excessive use of force had led to two fatal police shootings of minority suspects since 2011. The president of the Texas Civil Rights Project said that the shooting death of a dog even received more thorough and careful investigation than the death of a black victim. The New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow wrote an article on January 14, 2013, saying "the idea that progress toward racial harmony would or should be steady and continuous is fraying. And the pillars of the institution -- the fundamental devaluation of dark skin and strained justifications for the unconscionable -- have proved surprisingly resilient." |
| 宗教歧视明显上升，侮辱和攻击穆斯林的事件增多。穆斯林人口不到美国总人口的1%，但是联邦政府调查的宗教歧视案件中，14%涉及穆斯林；在职场宗教歧视案件中，25%涉及穆斯林。（见注28） 2012年9月，美国一名导演拍摄并在互联网上播放侮辱伊斯兰教先知的电影，再次引发全球穆斯林的抗议浪潮。在休斯敦，有人将一头死猪扔在一座清真寺的门口。（见注29）美国海军特种部队被曝出将穆斯林女性持枪图作为训练标靶使用。（见注30） 57岁的穆斯林巴沙尔·艾哈迈德在清真寺外被人撕咬并刺伤，凶手行凶时大喊反穆斯林口号。（见注31）自“9·11”事件以来，美国司法部已调查超过800起针对穆斯林、阿拉伯和南亚裔的暴力、纵火和破坏公共财物事件。（见注32） | Religious discrimination is rapidly on the rise, with an increase in insults and attacks against Muslims. Muslims account for less than one percent of the U.S. population, but are involved in 14 percent of religious discrimination cases under investigation of the federal government, and 25 percent of employment-related discrimination cases (www. sinovision.net, March 29, 2011). In September, 2012, a U.S. film director made a film that is insulting to the Prophet Muhammad and posted it online, which triggered waves of protests in the Muslim world. In Houston, a dead pig was left in front of a mosque (abclocal.go.com, December 5, 2012). The U.S. Navy special operations force was reported to use images of gun-holding Muslim women as training targets (www.nydailynews.com, July 3, 2012). The 57-year-old Muslim, Bashir Ahmad, was stabbed and bitten outside a Mosque by a suspect who shouted anti-Muslim expletive during the attack (Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2012). Since the September 11 attacks, the U.S. Justice Department has investigated more than 800 incidents of violence, vandalism and arson against people believed to be Muslim, Arab or South Asian (www. reuters.com, March 29, 2011). |
| 种族隔离在美国事实上依然存在。《纽约时报》2012年8月6日报道称，在纽约的高档社区上东区，非西班牙裔黑人居民仅占2.7%，白人居民占81%。当地的房屋管理委员会可以拒绝黑人买主在此购买房屋而不给出任何理由，上东区卖主拒绝黑人买主已经名声在外。调查显示，纽约在一项对黑人隔离的城市排行榜中位列第二位，在对西班牙裔和亚裔人群隔离的排行榜中居第三位。美国国家航空航天局房地产公司主管因拒绝租房给3个非洲裔美国人而被起诉。他声称没有房子可以出租，却在一小时内带白人租户看房，并说:“你们看起来像好人，所以我才带你们看。”（见注33）此外，还有研究发现美国许多工作场所中种族隔离的情形也越来越明显，调查的58个行业中有19个行业呈现出种族隔离的倾向。（见注34） | Apartheid in fact still exists in the American society. New York Times reported on August 6, 2012 that, the proportion of non-Hispanic black residents on the Upper East Side is only 2.7 percent, and whites 81 percent. Local co-op boards can reject black buyers without giving a reason, and some Upper East Side co-ops have a reputation for rejecting black buyers. A study found that the New York area was the second most segregated for black people and the third most segregated for Hispanic and Asian residents. A superintendent of NASA Real Estate Corporation was sued for refusing to show three African-Americans any openings, claiming no apartments were available for rent, but showing vacancies to white individuals who inquired about the same apartments less than an hour after turning down black renters, saying, "You look like nice people. That's why I show you." (queenscourier.com, December 12, 2012) Furthermore, studies found a rising tide of apartheid in the U.S. workplace. Nineteen out of the 58 surveyed industries showed a trend toward racial re-segregation between white men and black men (www.washingtonpost.com, October 25, 2012). |
| 种族关系紧张，仇恨犯罪频发。美联社2012年10月28日报道，最新民意调查显示，51%的美国人对非洲裔美国人持明确的反对态度，较2008年上升了3个百分点。美国广播公司网站2012年11月19日报道，纽约市布鲁克林区在四个月中接连有3名中东裔商店业主遭枪击身亡，警方称不排除种族偏见是枪手的作案动机。密西西比州两名年轻白人男子因种族原因用卡车故意碾压一名黑人男子致死，这两人自2011年起多次使用啤酒瓶、弹弓、机动车等工具对附近黑人进行骚扰和攻击，并时常在他人面前吹嘘自己的行为。（见注35）白人枪手韦德·迈克尔·佩奇在锡克教寺庙枪杀6人，其杀人动机与新纳粹仇恨组织的宣传煽动有关，并被怀疑为白人至上主义分子。（见注36） | Racial relationship is in tension, and hate crimes take place frequently. The Associated Press reported on October 28, 2012, citing a latest poll, that 51 percent of Americans now express explicit anti-African-American attitudes, three percentage points higher than in 2008. The abc.go.com reported on November 19, 2012, three shop owners of Middle Eastern descent were shot dead in four months in Brooklyn, New York, and the police cannot rule out the possibility of the homicides being racially motivated. Two young white men from Mississippi killed a black man by running a truck over him. The two, since 2011, have frequently assaulted and attacked African-Americans in and around Jackson, Mississippi, using beer bottles, sling shots and motor vehicles, and they often bragged about their exploits (Reuters, December 5, 2012). A white gunman named Wade Michael Page killed six Sikh worshippers at their temple, and his motivation was linked to neo-Nazi propaganda, and he was suspected to be a white supremacist (edition. cnn.com, August 10, 2012). |
| 土著人权利得不到应有保障。2012年，联合国人权理事会种族主义问题特别报告员穆图马·鲁泰雷指出，纳瓦霍人仍面临严重的种族歧视，无法获得平等的法律待遇和司法救济。（见注37）联合国人权理事会土著人权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚指出，一些开发建设项目使美国土著人难以进入和使用他们的圣地。他在报告中援引有关机构研究数据指出，美国土著人的贫困率是全国贫困率的两倍，寿命比全国平均寿命短5.2年。仅13%的美国土著人拥有大学学历，远低于28%的全国平均水平。土著人妇女遭受暴力侵害的比例是全国平均值的两倍多，1/3的土著人妇女一生中会遭受强暴。（见注38） | Native Americans' rights are not properly guaranteed. In 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on racism, Mutuma Ruteere, pointed out Navajos, a branch of Native Americans, faced racial discrimination, including the lack of access to justice and legal remedies (United Nations document number A/67/328). United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous people, James Anaya, said the ability of Native Americans to use and access their sacred places is often curtailed by mining, logging, hydroelectric and other development projects. He cited research figures of relevant institutions, saying Native Americans' poverty rates nearly double the national average, and their life expectancy is 5.2 years less than the national average. Thirteen percent of Native Americans hold a basic university degree, much lower than the national average, 28 percent. Indigenous women are more than twice as likely as all other women to be victims of violence and one in three of them will be raped during her lifetime (United Naitons document number A/HRC/21/47/Add.1). |
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非法移民的权利被侵犯。美国移民拘留所的死亡事件时有发生。联合国人权理事会法外处决问题特别报告员克里斯托弗·海因斯在其报告中指出，一些对移民的羁押既无必要也不恰当，发生死亡事件的移民羁押场所类似监狱，被羁押的移民难以获得基本医疗服务。（见注39）联合国人权专家和南佛罗里达移民组织呼吁美国停止遣返海地移民。人权组织认为美国的遣返违反人权原则，遣返将导致这些海地人面临生命危险。（见注40） 注19：《侨报》，2012年11月8日。 注20：《卫报》网站（www.guardian.co.uk），2012年5月30日。 注21：美国劳工部统计局网站（www.bls.gov），2012年11月2日。 注22：www.philly.com，2012年12月4日。 注23：《犹他新闻》网站（www.deseretnews.com），2012年12月4日。 注24：madamenoire.com，2012年6月21日。 注25：《英国每日电讯报》网站（www.telegraph.co.uk），2012年8月8日。 注26：纽约每日新闻网（www.nydailynews.com），2012年9月26日。 注27：《纽约时报》网站，2013年1月14日。 注28：美国中文网（www.sinovision.net），2011年3月29日。 注29：休斯敦新闻网（abclocal.go.com），2012年12月5日。 注30：纽约每日新闻网（www.nydailynews.com），2012年7月3日。 注31：《华尔街日报》，2012年11月19日。 注32：路透社网站（www.reuters.com），2011年3月29日。 注33：queenscourier.com，2012年12月12日。 注34：《华盛顿邮报》网站（www．washingtonpost.com），2012年10月25日。 注35：路透社，2012年12月5日。 注36：美国有线电视新闻网（edition.cnn.com），2012年8月10日。 注37：联合国文件编号A/67/328。 注38：联合国文件编号A/HRC/21/47/Add.1。 注39：联合国文件编号A/HRC/20/22/Add.3。 注40：《迈阿密先驱报》，2012年6月6日。 |
The rights of illegal immigrants are violated. Deaths often occur in immigration detention centers. United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur Christof Heyns said in his report that deaths occurred in prison-like conditions where detention was neither necessary nor appropriate, and where no proper medical care was provided (United Nations document number A/HRC/20/22/Add.3). U.N human rights experts and South Florida Haitian rights advocates call for the U.S. to suspend all deportations to Haiti, saying the deportations may constitute a human rights violation, and may place the Haitians in a life-threatening position (The Miami Herald, June 6, 2012). |
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