2012年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 三、关于经济和社会权利 | III. On Economic and Social Rights |
| 美国政府至今未批准已经得到160个国家批准的《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》。很多美国公民没有享受到国际公认的经济和社会权利。 | To date, the U.S. government has not approved the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which was already ratified by 160 countries. Many American citizens could not enjoy the internationally-recognized economic and social rights. |
| 美国的失业率长期处于高位。近年来，又有大批美国人失业。美国劳工部2012年5月4日公布的数据显示，2012年4月，美国失业率为8.1%。失业人口高达1250万人。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2012年12月3日援引一份报告指出，有近650万美国年轻人处于失学和失业状态。过去10年，16到19岁青年的就业率降低了42%。《洛杉矶时报》网站2012年4月27日载文说，参加过阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争的老兵的失业率是10.3%，而年龄在24岁以下的老兵的失业率则高达29.1%。大学毕业生就业困难。美联社2012年4月22日报道称，2011年，美国25岁以下拥有学士学位的人中，53.6%的人找不到工作或者学非所用。即使找到了工作，有些人也得不到适当的报酬。在美国食品行业近2000万工人中，有60%的人收入低于当地的贫困线标准。（见注13） | Unemployment in the U.S. has long been high. A huge number of Americans newly joined the unemployed population in recent years. Figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor on May 4, 2012 showed that in April 2012 the unemployment rate was 8.1 percent, with 12.5 million people unemployed. Citing a report, the Huffington Post website in a story dated December 3, 2012 said nearly 6.5 million U.S. teens and young adults are neither in school nor working, and the employment rate for teens between the ages of 16 and 19 has fallen 42 percent over the last decade. The Los Angeles Times in a report published on April 27, 2012 said the unemployment rate for veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq is 10.3 percent, and for veterans aged 24 and under, the rate is 29.1 percent. It is also hard for college graduates to find jobs. The Associated Press reported on April 22, 2012 that 53.6 percent of bachelor' s degree-holders under the age of 25 in America were jobless or underemployed in 2011. Of the nearly 20 million people employed by the American food industry, just 40 percent are earning enough to put them over the local poverty line (www.huffingtonpost.com, June 6, 2012). |
| 2008年金融危机以来，美国的贫困问题持续加剧。美国人口统计局2012年9月12日公布的统计数据显示，2011年，美国的贫困率为15%，生活在贫困线以下的美国人有4620万。约有1800万个家庭吃不饱饭，其中680多万个家庭在一年中会有几个月的时间担心没有足够的钱购买食品。（见注14）《赫芬顿邮报》2012年10月30日报道称，22%的美国儿童生活在贫困之中。美国是当今世界上儿童和青少年贫困率最高的发达国家之一。 | Poverty in the U.S. has increasingly worsened since the economic crisis in 2008. America' s poverty rate in 2011 was 15 percent, with 46.2 million people in poverty, according to the U.S. Census Bureau data released on September 12, 2012. Almost 18 million American homes struggled to find enough to eat in 2011, including 6.8 million households that worried about having enough money to buy food several months out of the year (www.ers.usda.gov, September 5, 2012). A report carried by the Huffington Post on October 30, 2012 indicated that the U.S. has a staggering 22 percent of its children living in poverty. The U.S. is one of those that have the highest child poverty rates of all developed nations. |
| 近年来，美国的贫富差距进一步拉大。经合组织报告说，美国贫富差距在发达国家中位列第四。2011年，美国基尼系数达到0.477，2010－2011年间，美国的收入差距增长了1.6%，社会两极化趋势进一步加强。2010－2011年，收入最高的20%的家庭占美国家庭总收入的份额增加了1.6个百分点，收入最高的5%的家庭的份额增加了4.9个百分点，中等收入家庭的份额相应减少，低收入家庭的份额几乎未变。（见注15） | The gap between the rich and poor is growing in the U.S. over the years. The U.S. has the fourth worst income inequality compared to other developed countries, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. America's Gini index was 0.477 in 2011 and income inequality increased by 1.6 percent between 2010 and 2011, indicating a widened rich-poor gap. Between 2010 and 2011, the share of aggregate income increased 1.6 percent for the quintile with the highest household income, and increased 4.9 percent for the top five percent households. The aggregate share of income declined for the middle quintile. The changes in the shares of aggregate income for the lowest two quintiles were not statistically significant (www.census.gov, September 12, 2012). |
| 美国有为数众多的无家可归者。结束无家可归全国联盟2012年1月17日发布的报告显示，2011年，美国无家可归者达636017人，平均每万人中就有21个无家可归者，其中，长期无家可归者为107148人。无处容身者人数比2009年上升2%，达到243701人。每10名无家可归者中就有4人无处容身。2012年4月，纽约市收容所里的无家可归者比2011年增加了10%。（见注16）无家可归者受到歧视和侵害。《今日美国》2012年2月15日报道称，在234个样本城市中，24%的城市禁止无家可归者乞讨，22%的城市禁止无家可归者街头流浪，16%的城市规定露宿公共场所是违法行为。1999年到2010年期间，已报道的针对无家可归者的暴力犯罪达到1184起，这些案件造成了312名无家可归者死亡。 | A huge number of people are homeless in the U.S. According to a report released by National Alliance to End Homelessness on January 17, 2012, the nation had 636,017 homeless people in 2011, including 107,148 chronically homeless people. There were 21 homeless people per 10,000 people in the general population. Nearly four in 10 homeless people were unsheltered. The unsheltered population was 243,701 in 2011, up 2 percent from 2009. In April 2012, the New York City homeless shelter population was 10 percent higher than the previous year (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, June 8, 2012). Homeless people suffer discrimination and assaults. Citing a survey of 234 cities, a USA Today report dated February 15, 2012 said 24 percent of the U.S. cities prohibit begging, 22 percent prohibit loitering, 16 percent labels sleeping in public places as illegal. From 1999 through 2010, the homeless faced 1,184 acts of reported violence resulting in 312 deaths. |
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美国是当今世界上少数没有实行全民医疗保险的发达国家之一，有相当数量的居民因没有医疗保险而无法在患病时得到必要的医疗照顾。2011年，美国有15.7%的居民没有医疗保险，人数达到48613000。（见注17）《赫芬顿邮报》2012年11月13日报道称，每年约有11.5万名美国妇女在离婚后，因无力负担私人保险费用而失去医疗保险。2012年6月20日，美国家庭联盟的消费者权益保护组织发布报告称，2010年，美国有26100名年龄在25到64岁之间的劳动人口由于缺乏医疗保险而丧命，比2000年增加了31%。（见注18） 注13：《赫芬顿邮报》，2012年6月6日。 注14：美国劳工部网站（www.dol.gov），2012年9月5日。 注15：美国人口统计局网站（www.census.gov），2012年9月12日。 注16：无家可归者联盟网站（www.coalitionforthehomeless.org），2012年6月8日。 注17：美国人口统计局网站（www.census.gov），2012年9月12日。 注18：路透社网站（www.reuters.com），2012年6月20日。 |
The U.S. is among the few developed countries without health insurance covering its whole population. A considerable number of Americans have no access to necessary healthcare services when in illness because of having no health insurance. The number of people without health insurance coverage was 48.6 million in 2011, accounting for 15.7 percent of the population (www.census.gov, September 12, 2012). A Huffington Post report on November 13, 2012 said about 115,000 women in the U.S. lose their private health insurance each year in the wake of divorce, largely because they have trouble paying premiums for private insurance. A study, released on June 20, 2012, by the consumer advocacy group Families USA, estimates that a total of 26,100 people aged 25 to 64 died for lack of health coverage in 2010, up 31 percent from 18,000 in 2000 (www.reuters.com, June 20, 2012). |
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