2012年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012

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二、关于公民权利和政治权利	II. On Civil and Political Rights
近年来，美国政府对公民采取了更加严密的监视措施。警察虐待嫌疑人和服刑人员现象屡见不鲜。公民平等选举权不断受到侵害。	The recent years have seen closer surveillance of American citizens by the U.S. government. In the country, abuse of suspects and jail inmates is common occurrence, and equal suffrage enjoyable by citizens continues to be undermined.
美国政府不断强化对民众的监控，大幅限制和缩减美国社会的自由空间，严重侵犯公民自由。2012年美国国会通过法律，授权政府通过未经许可的窃听及电子通讯手段侵犯民众隐私。据科技咨询网2012年5月4日一篇报道，美国联邦调查局起草了一部法案，要求社交网络网站、IP网络语音传输技术的提供方、即时信息、网络电子邮件服务商等更改代码，以便政府进行监控。美国民权同盟2012年9月27日公布的文件显示，联邦执法机构对美国人的电子通讯监控正在日益增多。从2009年到2011年，司法部使用“电子笔录器”和“诱捕与追踪装置”监视电话通讯次数从23535次增加到37616次，增长了60%；获准使用“电子笔录器”和“诱捕与追踪装置”检测个人电子邮件和网络数据的次数增长了361%。国家安全局通过“严格和系统”的方式，收集美国民众纯粹家庭内部的信息往来记录，每天截获和存储17亿条电子邮件、电话和其他沟通类型的信息。2012年3月的一项有线调查显示，2012年美国国家安全局在犹他州筹建一个巨型数据中心，用于存放和分析“全世界范围内的海量通信”。（见注3）美国公民自由联盟披露，美国政府使用的军用无人机有可能用于暗中监视美国公民。（见注4）	The U.S. government continues to step up surveillance of ordinary Americans, restricting and reducing the free sphere of the American society to a considerable extent, and seriously violating the freedom of citizens. The U.S. congress approved a bill in 2012 that authorizes the government to conduct warrantless wiretapping and electronic communications monitoring, a move that violates people's rights to privacy. According to a report carried on May 4, 2012 by the CNET website, the FBI general counsel' s office has drafted a proposed law requiring that social-networking websites and providers of VoIP, instant messaging, and Web e-mail to alter their code to ensure their products are wiretap-friendly (news.cnet.com, May 4, 2012). Documents released by the American Civil Liberties Union on September 27, 2012, reveal that federal law enforcement agencies are increasingly monitoring American's electronic communications. Between 2009 and 2011, the Justice Department' s combined number of original orders for "pen registers" and "trap and trace devices" used to spy on phones increased by 60 percent, from 23,535 in 2009 to 37,616 in 2011. The number of authorizations the Justice Department received to use these devices on individuals' email and network data increased 361 percent between 2009 and 2011. The National Security Agency collects purely domestic communications of Americans in a "significant and systematic" way, intercepting and storing 1.7 billion emails, phone calls and other types of communications every day. A Wired investigation published in March 2012 revealed the NSA is currently constructing a huge data center in Utah, meant to store and analyze "vast swaths of the world' s communications" from foreign and domestic networks (The Guardian, July 10, 2012). As the American Civil Liberties Union explained in its December 2011 report, the U.S. could potentially use military drones to spy on its citizens (Fars News Agency, June 26, 2012).
2012年9月17日是“占领华尔街”运动一周年纪念日，在华尔街附近的示威者与警方爆发大规模冲突，有超过100人被逮捕。（见注5）媒体担心美国新闻立法会越来越严厉。由于发表不同政治观点，美国记者失业的情况很常见。（见注6）	On September 17, 2012, or the first anniversary of Occupy Wall Street's initial demonstration, confrontations between protesters and police around the Wall Street resulted in the arrests of more than 100 people (The New York Times, September 17, 2012). The U.S. journalist community is worried about the continued toughening up of legislation on mass media. It is frequent that journalists in the U.S. lose their jobs because of "politically incorrect" opinions (www.mid.ru, October 22, 2012).
美国警察因侵犯嫌疑人和服刑人员权利而遭受的投诉与指控呈上升趋势。纽约市警察局卷入了多宗诉讼案，其警察被控在执法过程中侵犯公民权利。据《芝加哥论坛报》2012年3月6日报道，51岁的尤金·格鲁伯在被拘留期间遭受的暴力虐待致其全身瘫痪，4个月后不治身亡；3月21日又报道，7名北芝加哥地区警察对嫌疑犯达林·汉纳采用捆绑、电击等刑讯手段，使汉纳在一周后即因严重的身体创伤而死亡。美国有线电视新闻网2012年5月17日报道称，美国各州被关押人员中有9.6%的人在关押期间受到性侵犯，比2008年增加了一倍多。在得克萨斯州监狱，许多犯人被关押在室温高达华氏3位数的牢房内，58岁的拉里·基恩·麦考伦、44岁的亚历山大·托贡尼茨、57岁的麦克尔·戴维·马尔托尼和52岁的肯尼斯·韦恩·詹姆斯于2011年死于中暑，另有至少5名囚犯的死亡也与室内高温有关。（见注7）	Complaints and allegations of American police violating rights of suspects and jail inmates are going up. A litany of lawsuits was brought against the New York City Police Department, with police officers charged with violating civil rights in law enforcement. According to a report carried by the Chicago Tribune on March 6, 2012, jail inmate Eugene Gruber, 51, was paralyzed a day after he walked into a jail where he was believed to have been maltreated. He died of injury four months after the jail incident. Another report by the Chicago Tribune on March 21, 2012 showed that suspect Darrin Hanna suffered trauma from physical restraint and Taser shocks during a struggle with North Chicago police and died a week later. The CNN reported on May 17, 2012 that some 9.6 percent of the prisoners in state prisons are sexually victimized during confinement, more than double the rate cited in a report on the subject in 2008. In Texas state prisons, many inmates are housed in triple-digit temperatures in Fahrenheit. Four inmates -- Larry Gene McCollum, 58; Alexander Togonidze, 44; Michael David Martone, 57; and Kenneth Wayne James, 52 -- died in summer of 2011 from heat stroke, and at least five others were believed to have died from heat-related causes (www.texascivilrightsproject.org, July 7, 2012).
美国公民并没有真正享有平等的选举权。2012年美国总统选举中，符合条件的选民人数比2008年增加了800万，但实际参加投票的人数反而减少了500万，投票率仅为57.5%。（见注8）皮尤中心2012年2月的一份调查报告称，选民登记系统存在着错误和低效，削弱了选民的热情，也加剧了党派间关于选举公正性的争论。（见注9）	American citizens have never really enjoyed common and equal suffrage. Despite an increase of over eight million citizens in the eligible population in the U.S. presidential election of 2012, voter turnout registered a drop of five million from four years before, with only 57.5 percent of eligible citizens voting (bipartisanpolicy.org, November 8, 2012). A February 2012 report by the Pew Center said America's voter registration system is plagued with errors and inefficiencies that undermine voter confidence and fuel partisan disputes over the integrity of the country's elections (www.pewstates.org).
美国选举形同金钱对决，政治献金深刻影响美国的政策走向。2012年，美国选举的总花费为60亿美元，截至2012年10月17日，民主党候选人筹款数额为10.6亿美元，共和党候选人筹款数额为9. 54亿美元，两大阵营巨额花费的背后都有财团资助。（见注10）据一项民意调查显示，近90%的美国人认为2012年竞选中来自商界的捐资太多，政治献金只会让富人对决策有更大影响力。（见注11）美国哈佛大学一名教授认为，美国的政治制度陷入了一场严重危机，它受到利益集团及其出资人的摆布。竞选捐款“助长了其他所有的弊端”。美国政治正在腐化美国人民，使他们一步步陷入对有组织利益集团的依赖。（见注12）	The U.S. election is like money wars, with trends of the country's policies deeply influenced by political donations. The 2012 election had an estimated cost totalling six billion U.S. dollars. The Obama campaign and the Democratic camp raised 1.06 billion dollars, and the Romney campaign and the Republican camp raised a total of 954 million dollars (www.standard.co.uk, November 6, 2012). Both groups have funding support from business giants. An opinion poll showed that nearly 90 percent of Americans believe the 2012 election is marked by too many political donations from business circles, which will mean the increased influence of the rich over the country's policy-making (The International Herald Leader [Chinese newspaper], November 16, 2012). A Harvard professor said America' s political system is sinking into serious crisis as it is under manipulation of interest groups and their sponsors. Election donations give a loose rein to all other defects. American politics are corroding the people, making them increasingly dependent on interest groups (Internationale Politik, November & December issue, 2012).
《基督教科学箴言报》网站2012年11月5日引用国际知名人士的评论指出，在美国总统竞选中，易出问题的投票器、对投票器做手脚的风险、计票缺乏透明以及选举人团制度都使美国的选举制度存在严重缺陷。注3：《卫报》，2012年7月10日。注4：《法尔斯通讯社》，2012年6月26日。注5：《纽约时报》，2012年9月16日。注6：俄罗斯外交部网站（www.mid.ru），2012年10月22日。注7：“得州民权项目”网站(www.texascivilrightsproject.org)，2012年7月7日。注8：两党政策中心网站（bipartisanpolicy.org），2012年11月8日。注9：美国皮尤中心（www.pewstates.org），2012年2月。注10：英国《旗帜晚报》网站（www.standard.co.uk），2012年11月6日。注11：《国际先驱导报》，2012年11月16日。注12：德国《国际政治》，2012年11－12月号刊。	Citing a world-known analyst, the Christian Science Monitor website in a report on November 5, 2012 said America's trouble-prone voting machines, the risk of tampering in those machines, the lack of transparency in vote tabulation, and then the Electoral College system, combine to give the country an election system that leaves much to be desired.
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