中国应对气候变化的政策与行动 2012年度报告
China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2012)
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| 二、适应气候变化 | II. Adapting to Climate Change |
| 2011年以来，中国政府积极采取措施，提高了重点领域适应气候变化的能力，减轻了气候变化对经济社会发展和人民生产生活的不利影响。 | In 2011 and 2012, the Chinese government took effective measures to enhance the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change and reduced the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development, production and the people's welfare. |
| （一）农业领域 | (I) Agriculture |
| 农业部大力推动农田水利基本建设，提升农业综合生产能力。推动大规模旱涝保收标准农田建设。开展了大型灌区续建配套与大型灌溉排水泵站更新改造，扩大农业灌溉面积、提高灌溉效率。培育并推广产量高、品质优良的抗旱、抗涝、抗高温、抗病虫害等抗逆品种，进一步加大农作物良种补贴力度，加快推进良种培育、繁殖、推广一体化进程，目前全国主要农作物良种覆盖率达到95%以上，良种对粮食增产贡献率达到40%左右。 | The Ministry of Agriculture has energetically pursued the consolidation of farmland and water conservation infrastructure and the overall improvement of agricultural productivity. It encouraged the large-scale construction of farmland capable of producing stable yields despite drought or flood conditions. It developed new large-scale irrigation areas and renovated existing facilities, including irrigation and drainage pump stations, to expand the area under irrigation and improve irrigation efficiency. It continued to promote the cultivation of high quality seed varieties with high yield potential and resistance to drought, flooding, high temperature, diseases and pests. It increased subsidies to accelerate the cultivation, reproduction and dissemination of superior crop strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland used for planting major crops nationwide is sown with superior strains, contributing about 40 percent of the increase in grain output. |
| 积极组织节水农业技术模式创新，突出工程、设备、生物、农艺和管理等措施在田间的组装集成，总结提出了区域性骨干技术模式。示范推广了全膜双垄集雨沟播、膜下滴灌、测墒节灌等九大节水技术模式，建设节水农业示范基地，水分生产力比“十一五”之前提高10％-30％，促进了旱区粮食稳定增产、农民持续增收。 | The ministry has proactively advanced innovation in water-saving agricultural technology, focusing on the integration of engineering, infrastructure, biology, agronomy and management techniques, and the promotion of regionally-applicable core technology. Nine water-saving technologies were demonstrated and promoted, including full plastic film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows, under-mulch drip irrigation and soil moisture-based on-demand irrigation. Water-saving agricultural demonstration bases were constructed around the country, and water productivity increased by 10-30 percent over the period prior to the implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). These efforts have helped ensure a steady increase of grain output in drought-stricken areas and continuous income growth for farmers. |
| （二）林业及生态系统 | (II) Forestry and the Ecosystem |
| 林业局发布了《林业应对气候变化“十二五”行动要点》，提出了4项林业适应气候变化主要行动，着力加强森林抚育经营和森林火灾、林业微生物防控，优化森林结构，改善森林健康状况。贯彻落实《国务院办公厅关于做好自然保护区管理有关工作的通知》，严格限制自然保护区内的开发建设活动，强化监督管理，进一步加强国家重要生态区域和生物多样性关键地区保护。加强野生动植物保护和自然保护区建设，截至2011年底，新增国家级自然保护区23处，林业系统自然保护区已达2126处，总面积达1.23亿公顷，占全国国土面积的12.78%。完成了80%以上国土面积的湿地资源调查任务，实施全国湿地保护工程项目39个，建设湿地保护管理站点100多处，新增湿地保护面积33万公顷，恢复湿地2.3万公顷，新增4处国际重要湿地和68处国家湿地公园试点。发布了《中国国际重要湿地生态状况公报》，初步构建了湿地生态系统健康价值功能评价指标体系，进一步加强了湿地恢复与保护。 | The State Forestry Administration published the Action Points for China's Forestry Departments in Response to Climate Change During the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Period, in which it sets out four major actions to be taken by forestry supervision authorities nationwide to adapt to climate change, inclduing intensified efforts in forest management, prevention of forest fires and control of harmful pests, forest structure optimization, and improvement of forest health. Governments at all levels have fully implemented the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Management of Nature Reserves. Stringent measures have been taken to control development of nature reserves across the country. Supervision and management have been strengthened to better protect major ecological zones and key areas of biological diversity around the country. The government has improved its efforts to protect wild life and ensure the sound construction of nature reserves. By the end of 2011, the country had had 23 new state-level nature reserves. Forestry authorities nationwide had a total of 2,126 nature reserves under management, covering an area of 123 million hectares and accounting for 12.78 percent of the nation's total land area. The government completed a survey of wetland resources in different provincial-level regions accounting for more than 80 percent of the country’s land area, implemented 39 wetland protection programs nationwide, constructed more than 100 stations for wetland protection and management, brought 330,000 hectares of new wetland under protection, restored 23,000 hectares of existing wetland, established four new wetlands of international importance and developed 68 pilot national wetland parks. The government published the Communiqué on the Biological Status of Chinese Wetlands of International Importance, which includes an index for evaluating the biological health of China's wetlands that is of great help in strengthening the restoration and protection of the country's wetlands. |
| （三）水资源领域 | (III) Water Resources |
| 国务院发布了《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》，提出实行最严格的水资源管理制度要求，确立水资源开发利用、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污控制的“红线”，严格执行取水许可、水资源有偿使用、水自愿论证制度，全面推行节水型社会建设，成为指导我国今后一个时期水资源管理工作的纲领性文件。国务院批复了《全国江河湖泊水功能区划》、《全国农村饮水安全工程“十二五”规划》和《水利发展规划（2011-2015年）》。水利部完成了《全国地下水利用与保护》等多项水利规划。工业和信息化部大力推进节水型工业体系建设，会同水利部、全国节约用水办公室印发了《关于深入推进节水型企业建设工作的通知》。 | The State Council released the Opinions on Implementing the Strictest Water Resources Management System, which has become a major document guiding the country's water resource management. The document states the necessity of implementing a strict water resources control system, and explicitly specifies the main measures to be taken in three Red Lines – control of the development and use of water resources, control of water use efficiency, and restriction of pollutants in water functional areas. Measures to be taken to boost the construction of a water-saving society in an all-round way include: strictly implementing the permit system for water withdrawal; strictly practicing reimbursable usage system on water resources; strictly implementing planning and enhancement of water resource assessments. The State Council has officially approved the National Water Function Zoning in Major Rivers and Lakes, the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project for the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2011-2015) and the National Water Resources Development Plan (2011-2015). The Ministry of Water Resources has formulated a number of water resource development plans, including the National Utilization and Protection of Underground Water. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has promoted the development of water-saving industrial systems and worked together with the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Water Conservation Office to issue the Notice on Further Promoting the Construction of Water-saving Enterprises. |
| 加快推进枢纽水源和大江大河治理等一批骨干工程建设，继续推进大中型病险水库和大中型病险水闸的除险加固，继续对重点中小河流重要河段进行治理，继续进行大型灌区续建配套与节水改造和排水泵站更新改造，启动小型农田水利重点县建设，实施水土流失综合治理以及坡改梯工程，加快生态脆弱河流综合治理，启动实施水资源合理利用与生态保护工程；开展了水电新农村电气化项目和小水电代燃料项目建设。 | A number of key engineering projects have been accelerated, including key water conservancy projects, major water resource projects, and the harnessing of large rivers. Urgent measure have been taken to reinforce dangerously defective large and medium-sized reservoirs and sluices, harness the main sections of key small and medium-sized rivers, support major irrigation areas, build supporting facilities, make water-saving renovations and upgrade drainage pump stations. The government has also begun construction of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy facilities in key counties, pushed forward comprehensive control of soil erosion and conversion of farmland slopes into terraces, accelerated the harnessing of ecologically vulnerable rivers, implemented programs to promote conservation and rational use of water resources, and carried out rural electrification projects and the small hydropower station for fuel project. |
| 通过上述政策与行动的实施，中国有效地应对了北方冬麦区、长江中下游和西南地区接连发生的大范围严重干旱；通过农村饮水安全工程建设解决了7000万农村人口的饮水安全问题；战胜了“两江一河”严重秋汛，成功防范了7个登陆台风和热带风暴，主要灾害损失指标比多年均值明显降低，其中洪涝灾害死亡人数为新中国成立以来最低。 | By carrying out the above policies and actions, China effectively addressed a number of large-scale severe droughts that continued to hit the winter wheat producing areas in north China, as well as areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwestern China. The country also guaranteed safe supplies of drinking water to 70 million rural residents through the rural drinking water safety project. In addition, it overcame the severe autumn floods on the Yangtze River, Lancang River and the Yellow River, and successfully dealt with the impact of seven typhoons and tropical storms in 2011. The major disaster loss index was far lower than the average level of past years, and the death toll from flooding was the lowest since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. |
| （四）海洋领域 | (IV) Marine Resources |
| 国家海洋局组织开展了《海洋领域应对气候变化中长期发展规划（2011-2020年）》、《“十二五”国家应对气候变化科技发展专项规划(海洋领域)》、《国家“十二五”海洋科学和技术发展规划纲要》、《全国海洋观测网总体规划（2011-2020）》等专题规划的编制工作，定期开展厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜等海洋与气候变化研究与形势预测工作，编发《海洋与重大气候事件快报》和《海洋领域应对气候变化工作通讯》,编制了《气候变化对海洋生物的影响监测与评价研究报告》和《海平面上升影响评估专题报告》。加强典型海洋生态系统与气候变化响应监测的保护性修复工作，构建中国管辖海域海－气二氧化碳交换通量监测网络，开展海洋碳循环监测与评估。进一步完善沿海海洋气候观测网立体布局，加强海岛、海岸带地区防灾减灾应急救助体系建设，初步开展了海洋灾害风险评估与区划工作，大力支持沿海地方开展重点海岛整治修复项目，全面完成海洋功能区划修编工作。2012年设立海岛保护专项资金，中央财政投入2亿元，支持地方开展海岛保护项目15个。 | The State Oceanic Administration has begun compiling several plans, including China's Marine Medium and Long-term Plan in Response to Climate Change (2011-2020), the National Scientific and Technological Actions on Climate Change During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (Marine Area), the Outline of China's Marine Science and Technology Development During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period and the Overall Plan for National Ocean Observing Network (2011-2020). It has carried out research, evaluation and predictions of the effects of weather events like El Niño and La Niña on the oceans and climate change, and has compiled and released the Marine and Major Weather Events Bulletin and the Newsletter on Adaptation to Climate Change in Marine Area. It has also compiled the Research Report on Monitoring and Evaluation of the Effect of Climate Change on the Marine Life and the Special Report on Sea Level Rise Impact Assessments. The State Oceanic Administration has strengthened conservation in key marine ecosystems and improved climate change response monitoring. It has built a network to monitor air-sea CO2 exchange in waters under Chinese jurisdiction, and has carried out monitoring and evaluation of the marine carbon cycle. It has upgraded the coastal marine climate observation network and strengthened disaster prevention and emergency rescue system in the islands and coastal regions. It has also initiated marine disaster risk assessment and zoning work, vigorously supported local costal governments in carrying out island engineering and restoration projects and completed the revision of marine functional zoning. Since a special fund for island protection was established in 2012, the central government has invested a total of 200 million yuan to support 15 local island protection projects. |
| （五）卫生健康领域 | (V) Public Health |
| 卫生部印发了《关于加强饮用水卫生监督监测工作的指导意见》、《全国城市饮用水卫生安全保障规划（2011-2020年）》、《关于进一步加强饮用水卫生监测工作的通知》和《2012年国家饮用水卫生监督监测工作方案》，全面加强饮用水卫生监督监测工作，推进饮用水卫生监督监测能力建设，保障城乡饮用水卫生安全。 | In order to comprehensively strengthen and improve the supervision and monitoring of drinking water quality, and to ensure the supply of safe drinking water to urban and rural areas, the Ministry of Health issued Guidance on Strengthening the Supervision and Monitoring on Drinking Water Quality, the National Urban Drinking Water Safety Protection Plan (2011-2020), the Notice on Further Strengthening the Supervision and Monitoring of Drinking Water Quality and the 2012 National Drinking Water Supervision and Monitoring Work Plan. |
| 加大饮用水卫生监督监测工作力度，自2012年7月1日起全面实施新的国家饮用水卫生标准，规范供水单位卫生许可工作。目前，国家饮用水卫生监测网已在省级辖区实现全覆盖，2012年国家财政投入2.2亿元支持地方开展饮用水卫生监测工作。不断完善传染病网络直报系统，加强传染病监测、报告与防控工作，重点加强与气候变化密切相关的登革热、发热伴血小板减少综合征等虫媒传染病和手足口病等肠道传染病防控工作。截至2011年底，全国100%的疾病预防控制机构、98%的县级及以上医疗机构和94%的乡镇卫生院实现了网络直报，直报单位总数达6.8万余家。 | Supervision and monitoring of drinking water quality have been stepped up. In order to regulate the procedure for licensing water supply units, a new national health standard for drinking water was implemented on July 1, 2012. A nationwide drinking water quality monitoring system has been established in all provincial jurisdictions. In 2012, a total of 220 million yuan was invested to support local government monitoring of drinking water quality. The reporting system for infectious diseases has been improved. The system for surveillance, reporting, prevention and control of communicable diseases has been strengthened. Particular attention has been paid to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases like dengue fever and fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome that are closely related to climate change, as well as hand, foot and mouth disease and other intestinal infectious diseases. By the end of 2011, all state-level disease prevention and control institutions, over 98 percent of county level medical institutions, and 94 percent of township hospitals had joined the direct network reporting system. The number of reporting units reached 68,000. |
| （六）气象领域 | (VI) Meteorology |
| 中国气象局启动了《“十二五”应对气候变化专项规划》编制工作，提出了“十二五”期间气象部门气候变化工作重点领域和任务。发布了《气候变化绿皮书：应对气候变化报告（2011）》、《中国气候变化监测公报2010》、《气象部门应对气候变化技术指导手册3.0版》，并启动了气象灾害风险评估技术指南的编制工作。联合科技部、中科院共同发布了《第二次气候变化国家评估报告》。完成对长江三峡、鄱阳湖等8个流域的气候变化综合评估报告，以及对东北、华中粮食生产和新疆、陕西特色产业影响的专项评估。 | The China Meteorological Administration has begun drafting the National Actions on Climate Change During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period and has clarified the priorities and tasks of the meteorological department in addressing climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. It has released the Climate Change Green Paper: Tackling Climate Change Report (2011), China's Climate Change Monitoring Bulletin 2010 and the Technical Guidance Manual for Meteorological Department to Address Climate Change: version 3.0. It has also begun drafting technical guidelines for meteorological disaster risk assessment. It has published the Second Assessment Report on China's Climate Change jointly with the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and has completed climate change assessment reports for eight river basins including the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake Basin. It has also completed assessments of food production in northeast and central China, and on industries with local advantages in Xinjiang and Shaanxi. |
| 稳步开展观测系统现代化建设，气候系统观测能力得到不断提升；加强气候资源的开发利用，初步建立了风能、太阳能预报服务平台；精细化农业气候资源区划工作不断深入，省级应对气候变化工作全面铺开。 | The steady development of the modernization of observation systems means China's climate monitoring capability is constantly improving. One result is that climate resources can be used more efficiently aided by facilities such as a recently established wind and solar power forecasting platform. Efforts to adapt to climate change at the provincial level are aided by a careful analysis of the geographical distribution of agricultural and climate resources. |
| （七）防灾减灾体系建设 | (VII) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Systems |
| 民政部牵头修订并报请国务院出台了《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》，完善了预警响应、旱灾救助、过渡性救助、部门应急联动等内容。组织开展国家综合防灾减灾战略研究，颁布实施了《国家综合防灾减灾规划（2011－2015年）》。出台或修订了《自然灾害生活救助资金管理暂行办法》、《中央救灾物资储备管理办法》、《关于加强自然灾害救助评估功工作的指导意见》和《全国综合减灾示范社区创建管理暂行办法》，联合财政部出台了《自然灾害生活救助资金管理暂行办法》，以国家减灾委员会名义下发了《关于加强自然灾害社会心理援助工作的指导意见》等文件。水利部印发了《关于进一步加强台风灾害防御工作的意见》、《巡堤查险工作规定》等规章制度。国土资源部组织起草了《国务院关于加强地质灾害防治工作的决定》，推进各地加强今后一个时期地质灾害防治体系建设；启动了《全国地质灾害防治“十二五”规划》编制工作，明确了“十二五”期间地质灾害防治的总体目标和重点任务。住房城乡建设部印发了《关于加强城市内涝防治及开展2012年城市防汛工作的通知》，做好城市内涝防治工作。 | The Ministry of Civil Affairs has revised the National Emergency Plan on Natural Disaster Relief and submitted it to the State Council for approval. The revised version contains notable improvements regarding early warning and response systems, drought relief, transitional relief and the departments emergency response system. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has organized research into national disaster prevention and mitigation strategies, promulgated and implemented the National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (2011-2015), issued Interim Regulations on the Management of the Natural Disaster Relief Funds, Regulations on Storage and Management of Government Relief Goods, Guidelines on Strengthening Natural Disaster Relief Assessment and Interim Regulations on Formation and Management of the Disaster Reduction Model Communities. The Ministry of Civil Affairs also issued the Interim Regulations on the Management of the Natural Disaster Relief Funds jointly with the Ministry of Finance, and issued Guidelines on Strengthening Natural Disaster Social-psycho Assistance on behalf of the National Disaster Reduction Committee. The Ministry of Water Resources has issued regulations including Opinions on Further Strengthening the Typhoon Disaster Prevention Work and Inspection Procedures for Hidden Dykes Danger. In order to accelerate the creation of a geological disaster prevention system throughout the country, the Ministry of Land and Resources oversaw the drafting of the Decision of the State Council on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters. It also began compiling the National Actions on Geological Disaster Prevention During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which clarified the objectives and key tasks of geological disaster prevention during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. In order to better implement urban flood control, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Circular on Strengthening Prevention Measures of Urban Waterlogging and on Carrying out Urban Flood Control in 2012. |
| 国家减灾委相关成员单位进一步完善各类自然灾害的监测预警机制，着力提升极端天气气候事件的监测预警能力，加强气象灾害监测早期预警系统建设。继续加强国家防汛抗旱指挥系统二期建设。建立暴雨洪涝和干旱风险评估系统，注重提升城市应对暴雨灾害等极端天气能力。 | Member units of the National Disaster Reduction Committee have improved monitoring and early warning mechanisms for natural disasters, with more emphasis placed on early warning capabilities for extreme weather and climate events. The construction of the second phase of the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Command System has been accelerated. Greater importance is being attached to improving cities' ability to cope with torrential rain and other extreme weather disasters, and a rainstorm, flood and drought risk assessment system has been established. |
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