2012年美国的人权纪录（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 六、关于侵犯他国人权 | VI. On U.S. Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations |
| 美国是冷战结束后世界上对外发动战争最频繁的国家。美国发动的伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争造成大量平民伤亡。制止战争联盟网站2012年6月14日的文章说，2001－2011年间，每年约有14000至110000名平民死于美国领导的“反恐战争”。联合国驻阿富汗援助团推算，2007年到2011年7月，至少有10292名阿富汗平民被打死。伊拉克“死亡人数统计项目”记录，2003年至2011年8月，有约115000名平民死亡。在巴基斯坦、也门和索马里，有许多平民死于美军炮火。2004年至2012年6月，巴基斯坦至少有484名平民死于美军袭击行动，其中包括168名儿童。美军在也门的攻击行动造成了56名平民死亡。（见注68）驻阿富汗美军频繁使用无人机越过阿富汗和巴基斯坦边界，对巴基斯坦边界地带发动攻击。（见注69）2012年9月25日《每日邮报》报道称，美国无人轰炸机在巴基斯坦境内杀死的每50人中，只有一个是恐怖分子，其余49人都是无辜平民。（见注70） | Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S. has waged wars on other countries most frequently. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, both started by the U.S., have caused massive civilian casualties. From 2001 to 2011, the U.S.-led "war on terror" killed between 14,000 and 110,000 per year, said an article posted on the website of Stop the War Coalition on June 14, 2012 (stopwar.org.uk, June 14, 2012). The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) tallied at least 10,292 non-combatants killed from 2007 to July 2011. The Iraq Body Count project records approximately 115,000 civilians killed in the cross-fire from 2003 to August 2011. According to the article, beyond the two states under occupation, the "War on Terror" has spilled into a number of neighboring countries including Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia, killing a great many civilians there. From 2004 to the time the article was written, a minimum of 484 civilians, including 168 children, were killed in strikes that occurred in Pakistan. It was also reported by the media that strikes resulted in 56 civilian deaths in Yemen, the article added. A news report, posted on BBC's website on September 25, 2012, pointed at recurrent U.S. drone attacks in the border regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan (www.bbc.co.uk, September 25, 2012). "Just one in 50 victims of America's deadly drone strikes in Pakistan are terrorists - while the rest are innocent civilians," said an article posted on September 25, 2012, on the website of the Daily Mail (www.dailymail.co.uk, September 25, 2012). |
| 驻阿富汗美军无端屠杀平民。2012年3月11日凌晨3时，驻阿富汗美军士兵罗伯特·贝尔斯走出位于南部省份坎大哈的基地，来到附近的一个小村庄，进入两户人家。他在第一户人家开枪打死了一名男子，屋里其他人逃到了邻居家躲避。贝尔斯接着又去了第二户人家，开枪打死3人，打伤6人。贝尔斯返回基地，与一名士兵聊了一会后又离开军营，到另一个村庄，闯入一户人家，射杀了10多名熟睡的村民。贝尔斯总计杀死17名无辜村民，其中包括9名儿童。行凶之后，贝尔斯还把多具尸体聚拢在一起，放火烧毁。（见注71） | U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan also kill civilians for no reason. U.S. soldier Robert Bales was reported to walk out of a military base in the southern province of Kandahar at 3 o'clock on the night of March 11, 2012 and killed 17 civilians, including nine children. Bales split the slaughter into two episodes, returning to his base after the first attack and later slipping away to kill again. He first came to one family in a nearby village and shot a man dead, which scared others in the family to hide in neighborhood. Then he went to a second family and shot dead three people and injured six. Afterwards, he returned to his base and left for another village after chatting with one soldier at the base. In the village, he broke into a family and shot dead more than 10 people who were sound asleep. After the massacre, he collected some of the bodies and burned them.( The Agence France-Presse, March 23, 2012; The Associated Press, March 24, 2012; The Huffington Post, November, 11, 2012) |
| 以美国为首的军事行动制造了生态灾难，伊拉克战后儿童出生缺陷率 “惊人增加”。（见注72）国际石油变革组织负责人史蒂夫·克雷茨曼说：“2003年3月到2007年12月，伊拉克战争是相当于至少1.41亿吨二氧化碳排放的罪魁祸首……这场战争的排放量超过了其他国家总量的60%。”（见注73）英国《独立报》网站2012年10月14日报道称，由于美军使用了释放金属污染物的白磷弹等，伊拉克战争后，伊拉克婴儿的出生缺陷率大幅增加。在曾经发生两场激烈战斗的伊拉克城市费卢杰，婴儿出生缺陷率由战前的10%猛增到2007－2010年的50%以上，孕妇流产率在2004年后两年内由10%跃升到45%。 | U.S.-led military operations have also brought forth ecological disasters. An article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012 cited a study that reported a "staggering rise" in birth defects among Iraqi children conceived in the aftermath of the war (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). Steve Kretzmann, director of Oil Change International, said that the Iraq war was responsible for at least 141 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2e) from March 2003 through December 2007, according to a piece posted on December 21, 2009 on coto2.wordpress.com (coto2.wordpress.com, December 21, 2009). "The war emits more than 60 percent of all countries," said Kretzmann. A study, cited by an article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012, linked a huge rise that Iraq had recorded since the war in birth defects with military actions in which American forces used metal contaminant-releasing white phosphorus shells. It found that in the Iraqi city of Fallujah, which saw two of the heaviest battles during the Iraq war, more than half of all babies surveyed were born with a birth defect between 2007 and 2010. Before the war, the figure was more like one in 10. More than 45 percent of all pregnancies surveyed ended in miscarriage in the two years after 2004, up from the previous 10 percent (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). |
| 美国士兵严重侮辱阿富汗人的尊严，亵渎他们的宗教感情。法新社2012年9月24日报道称，在2011年7月的一次军事行动中，4名美国海军陆战队员一边笑着一边向3具血淋淋的尸体撒尿，其中一名美军冲着其中的一具尸体说：“伙计，祝你有美好的一天。”他们把这个过程录了下来，并在互联网上传播。2012年2月，美军驻阿富汗巴格拉姆空军基地的士兵把一批伊斯兰宗教书籍运到垃圾填埋场焚烧，其中包括500本《古兰经》，激起公愤。（见注74） | U.S. soldiers have also severely insulted Afghan people's dignity and blasphemed against their religion. The AFP reported on September 24, 2012 that during a counter-insurgency operation in July 2011, four U.S. Marines urinated on three bloodied bodies of dead Taliban fighters, and one said, "Have a great day, buddy," to one of the dead. A videotape depicting their actions was recorded and later circulated on the Internet (The Agence France-Presse, September 24, 2012). In February 2012, U.S. troops at Bagram air base provoked public indignation by taking a batch of religious materials, including 500 copies of the Koran, to the incinerator, said a news story posted on the website of the Washington Post on August 27, 2012 (www.washingtonpost.com, August 27, 2012). |
| 美国在关塔那摩监狱长期非法关押外国人，截至2012年1月，该监狱中仍然关押着171人。（见注75）美国拒绝给予他们日内瓦公约规定的战俘权利，并用酷刑虐待他们。美国相关机构透露，为逼迫关押在关塔那摩监狱中的嫌犯招供，美方曾对部分犯人施水刑多达100余次，有时使用半自动武器或电钻加以胁迫，甚至以性侵嫌犯母亲相威胁。（见注76）2012年9月，也门人阿德南·法尔汉·拉蒂夫死于关塔那摩监狱，成为第9个死于该监狱的囚犯。他从2002年1月关塔那摩监狱成立起就被关押在那里，但是从未受到刑事指控。（见注77）联合国人权事务高级专员皮莱2012年1月23日发表公开声明称，关塔那摩监狱存在包括酷刑在内的严重侵犯人权行为，但是侵犯人权者未受应有惩罚。（见注78） 有美国知名人士指出，美国政府的反恐政策至少违反了《世界人权宣言》30条规定中的10条，包括禁止“残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或惩罚”。（见注79） | The U.S. army has for long detained foreigners illegally at the Guantanamo prison. By January 2012, 171 people were still held there, said an article posted on the website of Watching America on January 17, 2012. They were denied the rights accorded to prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions, and savagely tortured (www.watchingamerica, January 17, 2012). American authorities have revealed that, in order to obtain confessions, some of the few being tried (only in military courts) have been tortured by waterboarding more than 100 times or intimidated with semiautomatic weapons, power drills or threats to sexually assault their mothers, said an article posted on the website of the New York Times on June 24, 2012 (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). Media reported that in September 2012, a 32-year-old Yemeni named Adnan Farhan Abdul Latif died at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, the ninth to have died there while in custody. He had been held at the detention camp since it was established in January 2002, without being charged with any crime (abcnews.go.com). On January 23, 2012, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay spoke out against the failure by the U.S. to close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and to ensure accountability for serious violations - including torture - that took place there (www.un.org, January 23, 2012). A noted American wrote in an article that the American government's counterterrorism policies "are now clearly violating at least 10 of the declaration's 30 articles, including the prohibition against 'cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'" (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). |
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美国拒绝承认绝大多数国家普遍重视的发展权。2012年9月举行的人权理事会第21次会议通过发展权决议时，美国是唯一投反对票的国家。第67届联合国大会以188票赞成、3票反对、2票弃权再次通过决议，要求美国中止对古巴长达半个世纪的经济封锁。美国不顾绝大多数联合国成员的意愿，继续投了反对票。（见注80） 注68：制止战争联盟网站（stopwar.org.uk），2012年6月14日。 注69：英国广播公司网站（www.bbc.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注70：每日邮报网站（www.dailymail.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注71：法新社，2012年3月23日；美联社，2012年3月24日；《赫芬顿邮报》网站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2012年11月11日。 注72：英国《独立报》网站，2012年10月14日。 注73：coto2.wordpress.com，2009年12月21日。 注74：美国有线电视新闻网（edition.cnn.com），2012年2月22日。 注75：美国观察网站（watchingamerica.com），2012年1月17日。 注76：《纽约时报》网站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注77：美国广播公司网站（abcnews.go.com），2012年9月11日。 注78：联合国网站（www.un.org），2012年1月23日。 注79：《纽约时报》网站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注80：联合国文件编号：GA/11311。 |
The U.S. refuses to acknowledge "the right to development," which is a common concern among the majority of countries. In September 2012, the 21st session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) adopted a resolution on "the right to development." Except an abstention vote from the U.S., all the HRC members voted for the resolution. The 67th session of the UN General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted the 21st consecutive resolution, by a recorded vote of 188 in favor to three against with two abstentions, calling for an end to the U.S.' 50-plus years of economic blockade against Cuba. One of the three dissenting votes was from the U.S. (United Nations document number GA/11311) |
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